Long-term monitoring of the ANTARES optical module efficiencies using decays in sea water

A. Albert; M. André; M. Anghinolfi; G. Anton; M. Ardid; J.-J. Aubert; J. Aublin; T. Avgitas; B. Baret; J. Barrios-Martí; S. Basa; B. Belhorma; V. Bertin; S. Biagi; R. Bormuth; J. Boumaaza; S. Bourret; M. C. Bouwhuis; H. Brânzaş; R. Bruijn; J. Brunner; J. Busto; A. Capone; L. Caramete; J. Carr; S. Celli; M. Chabab; R. Cherkaoui El Moursli; T. Chiarusi; M. Circella; J. A. B. Coelho; A. Coleiro; M. Colomer; R. Coniglione; H. Costantini; P. Coyle; A. Creusot; A. F. Díaz; A. Deschamps; C. Distefano; I. Di Palma; A. Domi; C. Donzaud; D. Dornic; D. Drouhin; T. Eberl; I. El Bojaddaini; N. El Khayati; D. Elsässer; A. Enzenhöfer; A. Ettahiri; F. Fassi; I. Felis; G. Ferrara; L. A. Fusco; P. Gay; H. Glotin; T. Grégoire; R. Gracia Ruiz; K. Graf; S. Hallmann; H. van Haren; A. J. Heijboer; Y. Hello; J. J. Hernández-Rey; J. Hößl; J. Hofestädt; G. Illuminati; C. W. James; M. de Jong; M. Jongen; M. Kadler; O. Kalekin; U. Katz; A. Kouchner; M. Kreter; I. Kreykenbohm; V. Kulikovskiy; C. Lachaud; R. Lahmann; D. Lefèvre; E. Leonora; G. Levi; M. Lotze; S. Loucatos; M. Marcelin; A. Margiotta; A. Marinelli; J. A. Martínez-Mora; R. Mele; K. Melis; P. Migliozzi; A. Moussa; S. Navas; E. Nezri; A. Nuñez; M. Organokov; G. E. Păvălaş; C. Pellegrino; P. Piattelli; V. Popa; T. Pradier; L. Quinn; C. Racca; N. Randazzo; G. Riccobene; A. Sánchez-Losa; M. Saldaña; I. Salvadori; D. F. E. Samtleben; M. Sanguineti; P. Sapienza; F. Schüssler; M. Spurio; Th. Stolarczyk; M. Taiuti; Y. Tayalati; A. Trovato; B. Vallage; V. Van Elewyck; F. Versari; D. Vivolo; J. Wilms; D. Zaborov; J. D. Zornoza; J. Zúñiga

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6132-2

2023 Impact factor 4.2

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78: 669
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6132-2

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

Long-term monitoring of the ANTARES optical module efficiencies using $^{40}\mathrm{{K}}$ decays in sea water

The ANTARES Collaboration

A. Albert¹, M. André², M. Anghinolfi³, G. Anton⁴, M. Ardid⁵, J.-J. Aubert⁶, J. Aublin⁷, T. Avgitas⁷, B. Baret⁷, J. Barrios-Martí⁸, S. Basa⁹, B. Belhorma¹⁰, V. Bertin⁶, S. Biagi¹¹, R. Bormuth¹²^,13, J. Boumaaza¹⁴, S. Bourret⁷, M. C. Bouwhuis¹², H. Brânzaş¹⁵, R. Bruijn¹²^,16, J. Brunner⁶, J. Busto⁶, A. Capone¹⁷^,18, L. Caramete¹⁵, J. Carr⁶, S. Celli¹⁷^,18^,19, M. Chabab²⁰, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli¹⁴, T. Chiarusi²¹, M. Circella²², J. A. B. Coelho⁷, A. Coleiro⁷^,8, M. Colomer⁷^,8, R. Coniglione¹¹, H. Costantini⁶, P. Coyle⁶, A. Creusot⁷, A. F. Díaz²³, A. Deschamps²⁴, C. Distefano¹¹, I. Di Palma¹⁷^,18, A. Domi³^,25, C. Donzaud⁷^,26, D. Dornic⁶, D. Drouhin¹, T. Eberl⁴, I. El Bojaddaini²⁷, N. El Khayati¹⁴, D. Elsässer²⁸, A. Enzenhöfer⁴^,6, A. Ettahiri¹⁴, F. Fassi¹⁴, I. Felis⁵, G. Ferrara¹¹, L. A. Fusco⁷^,29, P. Gay⁷^,30, H. Glotin³¹, T. Grégoire⁷, R. Gracia Ruiz¹, K. Graf⁴, S. Hallmann⁴, H. van Haren³², A. J. Heijboer¹², Y. Hello²⁴, J. J. Hernández-Rey⁸, J. Hößl⁴, J. Hofestädt⁴, G. Illuminati⁸, C. W. James⁴, M. de Jong¹²^,13, M. Jongen¹², M. Kadler²⁸, O. Kalekin⁴, U. Katz⁴, A. Kouchner⁷^,33, M. Kreter²⁸, I. Kreykenbohm³⁴, V. Kulikovskiy³^,35, C. Lachaud⁷, R. Lahmann⁴, D. Lefèvre³⁶^,37, E. Leonora³⁹, G. Levi²¹^,29, M. Lotze⁸, S. Loucatos⁷^,40, M. Marcelin⁹, A. Margiotta²¹^,29, A. Marinelli⁴¹^,42, J. A. Martínez-Mora⁵, R. Mele⁴³^,44, K. Melis¹²^,16, P. Migliozzi⁴³, A. Moussa²⁷, S. Navas⁴⁵, E. Nezri⁹, A. Nuñez⁶^,9, M. Organokov¹, G. E. Păvălaş¹⁵, C. Pellegrino²¹^,29, P. Piattelli¹¹, V. Popa¹⁵, T. Pradier¹, L. Quinn⁶, C. Racca³⁸, N. Randazzo³⁹, G. Riccobene¹¹, A. Sánchez-Losa²², M. Saldaña⁵, I. Salvadori⁶^*, D. F. E. Samtleben¹²^,13, M. Sanguineti³^,25, P. Sapienza¹¹, F. Schüssler⁴⁰, M. Spurio²¹^,29, Th. Stolarczyk⁴⁰, M. Taiuti³^,25, Y. Tayalati¹⁴, A. Trovato¹¹, B. Vallage⁷^,40, V. Van Elewyck⁷^,33, F. Versari²¹^,29, D. Vivolo⁴³^,44, J. Wilms³⁴, D. Zaborov⁶, J. D. Zornoza⁸ and J. Zúñiga⁸

¹ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
² Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Technical University of Catalonia, Rambla Exposició, 08800, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain
³ INFN - Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
⁴ Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
⁵ Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de les Zones Costaneres (IGIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Paranimf 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain
⁶ Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁷ APC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
⁸ IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC - Universitat de València), c/ Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
⁹ LAM - Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Pôle de l’Étoile Site de Château-Gombert, rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie 38, 13388, Marseille Cedex 13, France
¹⁰ National Center for Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques, B.P.1382, 10001, Rabat, Morocco
¹¹ INFN - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy
¹² Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
¹³ Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
¹⁴ Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, B.P. 1014, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
¹⁵ Institute of Space Science, 077125, Bucharest, Măgurele, Romania
¹⁶ Instituut voor Hoge-Energie Fysica, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 105, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
¹⁷ INFN - Sezione di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
¹⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
¹⁹ Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale Francesco Crispi 7, 00167, L’Aquila, Italy
²⁰ LPHEA, Faculty of Science - Semlali, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O.B. 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
²¹ INFN - Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
²² INFN - Sezione di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
²³ Department of Computer Architecture and Technology/CITIC, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
²⁴ Géoazur, UCA, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
²⁶ Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
²⁷ Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations, University Mohammed I, B.P.717, 6000, Oujda, Morocco
²⁸ Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer Str. 31, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
³⁰ Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, BP 10448, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
³¹ LIS, UMR Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 83041, Toulon, France
³² Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and Utrecht University, Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ, ’t Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands
³³ Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
³⁴ Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte and ECAP, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049, Bamberg, Germany
³⁵ Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Leninskie gory, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
³⁶ Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix-Marseille University, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
³⁷ Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS-INSU/IRD, UM 110, 83957, La Garde Cedex, France
³⁸ Institut universitaire de technologie de Colmar, GRPHE - Université de Haute Alsace, 34 rue du Grillenbreit, BP 50568, 68008, Colmar, France
³⁹ INFN - Sezione di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
⁴⁰ Direction des Sciences de la Matière - Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l’Univers - Service de Physique des Particules, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁴¹ INFN - Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
⁴² Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
⁴³ INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
⁴⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
⁴⁵ Dpto. de Física Teórica y del Cosmos and C.A.F.P.E, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain

^* e-mail: salvadori@cppm.in2p3.fr

Received: 23 May 2018
Accepted: 3 August 2018
Published online: 22 August 2018

Abstract

Cherenkov light induced by radioactive decay products is one of the major sources of background light for deep-sea neutrino telescopes such as ANTARES. These decays are at the same time a powerful calibration source. Using data collected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope from mid 2008 to 2017, the time evolution of the photon detection efficiency of optical modules is studied. A modest loss of only 20% in 9 years is observed. The relative time calibration between adjacent modules is derived as well.

© The Author(s), 2018