https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14482-6
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Studying the properties of particle motion and plasma lensing in regular black holes from multi-polytropic equations of state
1
Department of Mathematics, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Research Center of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, AZ1096, Baku, Azerbaijan
3
Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University and Newtouch Center for Mathematics of Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
4
School of Science, Walailak University, 80160, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
5
College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, 80160, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
6
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
7
School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
8
Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS Thandalam, 602105, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
a
mradshahid01@gmail.com
b
phongpichit.ch@mail.wu.ac.th
Received:
11
April
2025
Accepted:
30
June
2025
Published online:
10
July
2025
This study examines the black hole developed from multi-polytropic equations of state by investigating particle dynamics and various related properties, such as the radius of the horizon, the effective force, the innermost stable circular orbit radius, the photon radius, quasi-periodic oscillations, and the weak plasma lensing in uniform plasma fields, singular isothermal sphere (SIS), and non-singular isothermal gas sphere (NSIS). Furthermore, we examine the image magnification for the black hole solution. An important parameter in this black hole solution is 
, which significantly impacts the results. Our study shows that particle dynamics features and deflection of light are affected by the black hole parameter.
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Funded by SCOAP3.
