https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14112-1
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Energy conditions in 
gravity
1
Department of General and Theoretical Physics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 010008, Astana, Kazakhstan
2
College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, 54200, Egaila, Kuwait
3
Department of Physics, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
4
Mamun University, Bolkhovuz Street 2, 220900, Khiva, Uzbekistan
5
New Uzbekistan University, Movarounnahr Street 1, 100007, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
6
Urgench State University, Kh. Alimjan Str. 14, 221100, Urgench, Uzbekistan
Received:
1
January
2025
Accepted:
22
March
2025
Published online:
2
April
2025
We are experiencing a golden age of experimental cosmology, with exact and accurate observations being used to constrain various gravitational theories like never before. Alongside these advancements, energy conditions play a crucial theoretical role in evaluating and refining new proposals in gravitational physics. We investigate the energy conditions (WEC, NEC, DEC, and SEC) for two gravity models using the FLRW metric in a flat geometry. Model 1, 
, features linear parameter dependence, satisfying most energy conditions while selectively violating the SEC to explain cosmic acceleration. The EoS parameter transitions between quintessence, a cosmological constant, and phantom energy, depending on 
and 
. Model 2, 
, introduces nonlinearities, ensuring stronger SEC violations and capturing complex dynamics like dark energy transitions. While Model 1 excels in simplicity, Model 2’s robustness makes it ideal for accelerated expansion scenarios, highlighting the potential of gravity in explaining cosmic phenomena.
© The Author(s) 2025
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