https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14094-0
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Impacts of dark energy on weighing neutrinos after DESI BAO
1
Liaoning Key Laboratory of Cosmology and Astrophysics, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China
2
School of Physics, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
3
MOE Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China
4
National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China
Received:
16
November
2024
Accepted:
16
March
2025
Published online:
7
April
2025
Recently, DESI has released baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, and DES has also published its 5-year supernova (SN) data. These observations, combined with cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, support a dynamically evolving dark energy at a high confidence level. When using cosmological observations to weigh neutrinos, the results will be significantly affected by the measurement of dark energy due to the degeneracy between neutrino mass and the dark-energy equation of state. Therefore, we need to understand how the dynamical evolution of dark energy in the current situation will affect the measurement of neutrino mass. In this work, we utilize these latest observations and other additional distance measurements to discuss the mutual influence between neutrinos and dark energy, then calculate the Bayes factor to compare models. We consider three neutrino mass hierarchies, namely degenerate hierarchy (DH), normal hierarchy (NH), and inverted hierarchy (IH), as well as three dark energy models including 
and 
models. We find that cosmological data combined with the prior of particle physics experiments can provide strong to decisive evidence favoring the 
model with NH. In the model, using the CMB+DESI+DESY5 data, we obtain constraints on the total neutrino mass, 
for DH, NH, and IH, respectively. Furthermore, taking into account the neutrino hierarchy or incorporating additional distance measurements results in a more pronounced deviation from the 
CDM model for dark energy. The latter, in particular, exhibits a deviation at a confidence level that surpasses 
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Funded by SCOAP3.
