Modified gravity/dynamical dark energy vs CDM: is the game over?

Sergei D. Odintsov; Diego Sáez-Chillón Gómez; German S. Sharov

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14013-3

2023 Impact factor 4.2

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 298
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14013-3

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Modified gravity/dynamical dark energy vs $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM: is the game over?

Sergei D. Odintsov¹^,2^,6, Diego Sáez-Chillón Gómez³^,4^a and German S. Sharov⁵^,6

¹ Institut de Ciències de l’Espai, ICE/CSIC-IEEC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
² Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Luis Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
³ Department of Theoretical, Atomic and Optical Physics, and Laboratory for Disruptive Interdisciplinary Science (LaDIS), University of Valladolid UVA, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo Belén, 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
⁴ Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), C.P. 6030, Campus do Pici, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
⁵ Tver State University, Sadovyj per. 35, 170002, Tver, Russia
⁶ International Laboratory for Theoretical Cosmology, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (TUSUR), 634050, Tomsk, Russia

^a diego.saez@uva.es

Received: 28 January 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2025
Published online: 14 March 2025

Abstract

Over the last decades, tests on the standard model of cosmology, the so-called $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model, have been widely analysed and compared with many different models for describing dark energy. Modified gravities have played an important role in this sense as an alternative to $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model. Previous observational data has been always favouring $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model in comparison to any other model. While statistically speaking, alternative models have shown their power, fitting in some cases the observational data slightly better than $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM, the significance and goodness of the fits were not significantly relevant to exclude the standard model of cosmology. In this paper, a generalisation of exponential F(R) gravity is considered and compared with $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model by using the latest observational data. Also some well-known model independent parameterisations for the equation of state (EoS) of dark energy are explored. These scenarios are confronted with the renewed observational data involving the Pantheon plus datasets of supernovae type Ia, the Hubble parameter estimations, data from the cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillations, where the latter includes the data provided by Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Collaboration. Results of this analysis suggest that standard exponential F(R) models provide much better fits than $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model, which is excluded at 4 $σ$ $\sigma$ . Moreover, the parameterisations of the equation of state suggest a non-constant EoS parameter for dark energy, where $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model is also excluded at 4 $σ$ $\sigma$ .

© The Author(s) 2025

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