Eur. Phys. J. C (2023) 83: 618
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11733-2

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

Reconstruction of interactions in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector with Pandora

¹ Abilene Christian University, 79601, Abilene, TX, USA
² University of Albany, SUNY, 12222, Albany, NY, USA
³ University of Amsterdam, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁴ Antalya Bilim University, 07190, Döşemealtı/Antalya, Turkey
⁵ University of Antananarivo, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
⁶ Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
⁷ Argonne National Laboratory, 60439, Argonne, IL, USA
⁸ University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, AZ, USA
⁹ Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
¹⁰ University of Athens, 157 84, Zografou, Greece
¹¹ Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
¹² Augustana University, 57197, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
¹³ University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
¹⁴ University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
¹⁵ Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹⁶ University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
¹⁷ Università del Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
¹⁸ Boston University, 02215, Boston, MA, USA
¹⁹ University of Bristol, BS8 1TL, Bristol, UK
²⁰ Brookhaven National Laboratory, 11973, Upton, NY, USA
²¹ University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
²² University of California Berkeley, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
²³ University of California Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
²⁴ University of California Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
²⁵ University of California Los Angeles, 90095, Los Angeles, CA, USA
²⁶ University of California Riverside, 92521, Riverside, CA, USA
²⁷ University of California Santa Barbara, 93106, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
²⁸ California Institute of Technology, 91125, Pasadena, CA, USA
²⁹ University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
³⁰ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
³¹ Università di Catania, 2, 95131, Catania, Italy
³² Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
³³ Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
³⁴ IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
³⁵ CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211, Meyrin, Switzerland
³⁶ Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the Charles University, 180 00 , Prague 8, Czech Republic
³⁷ University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
³⁸ Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, South Korea
³⁹ CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
⁴⁰ University of Cincinnati, 45221, Cincinnati, OH, USA
⁴¹ Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
⁴² Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
⁴³ University of Colorado Boulder, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
⁴⁴ Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, CO, USA
⁴⁵ Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
⁴⁶ Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Amarais, CEP 13069-901, Campinas, SP, Brazil
⁴⁷ Central University of South Bihar, 824236, Gaya, India
⁴⁸ Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
⁴⁹ Czech Technical University, 115 19, Prague 1, Czech Republic
⁵⁰ Dakota State University, 57042, Madison, SD, USA
⁵¹ University of Dallas, 75062-4736, Irving, TX, USA
⁵² Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000, Annecy, France
⁵³ Daresbury Laboratory, WA4 4AD, Cheshire, UK
⁵⁴ Drexel University, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
⁵⁵ Duke University, 27708, Durham, NC, USA
⁵⁶ Durham University, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
⁵⁷ University of Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, Edinburgh, UK
⁵⁸ Universidad EIA, Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia
⁵⁹ ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
⁶⁰ Eötvös Loránd University, 1053, Budapest, Hungary
⁶¹ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa-FCUL, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
⁶² Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37715-400, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
⁶³ Universidade Federal de Goias, 74690-900, Goiania, GO, Brazil
⁶⁴ Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13604-900, Araras, SP, Brazil
⁶⁵ Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
⁶⁶ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
⁶⁷ Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 60510, Batavia, IL, USA
⁶⁸ University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
⁶⁹ University of Florida, 32611-8440, Gainesville, FL, USA
⁷⁰ Fluminense Federal University, 9, 24220-900, Icaraí Niterói, RJ, Brazil
⁷¹ Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
⁷² Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
⁷³ University of Granada and CAFPE, 18002, Granada, Spain
⁷⁴ Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
⁷⁵ Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, L’Aquila, AQ, Italy
⁷⁶ University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000, Grenoble, France
⁷⁷ Universidad de Guanajuato, C.P. 37000, Guanajuato, Mexico
⁷⁸ Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Jhunsi, 211 019, Allahabad, India
⁷⁹ Harvard University, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
⁸⁰ University of Hawaii, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
⁸¹ University of Houston, 77204, Houston, TX, USA
⁸² University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, 500 046, Hyderabad, India
⁸³ Idaho State University, 83209, Pocatello, ID, USA
⁸⁴ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁵ Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
⁸⁶ Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
⁸⁷ Illinois Institute of Technology, 60616, Chicago, IL, USA
⁸⁸ Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, SW7 2BZ, London, UK
⁸⁹ Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781 039, Guwahati, India
⁹⁰ Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285, Hyderabad, India
⁹¹ Indiana University, 47405, Bloomington, IN, USA
⁹² Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127, Bologna, BO, Italy
⁹³ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
⁹⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
⁹⁵ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146, Genoa, GE, Italy
⁹⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Lecce, 73100, Lecce, Italy
⁹⁷ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3, 20126, Milan, Italy
⁹⁸ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
⁹⁹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, 80126, Naples, Italy
¹⁰⁰ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
¹⁰¹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
¹⁰² Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
¹⁰³ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185, Rome, RM, Italy
¹⁰⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123, Catania, Italy
¹⁰⁵ Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima 25, Peru
¹⁰⁶ Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312, Moscow, Russia
¹⁰⁷ University of Insubria, Via Ravasi, 2, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
¹⁰⁸ University of Iowa, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
¹⁰⁹ Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, USA
¹¹⁰ Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
¹¹¹ Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
¹¹² Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
¹¹³ Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
¹¹⁴ Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
¹¹⁵ University of Jammu, 180006, Jammu, India
¹¹⁶ Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India
¹¹⁷ Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Jeonrabuk-do, South Korea
¹¹⁸ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, 6 Joliot-Curie, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
¹¹⁹ University of, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
¹²⁰ Kansas State University, 66506, Manhattan, KS, USA
¹²¹ Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, 277-8583, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
¹²² High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan
¹²³ Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, 34141, Daejeon, South Korea
¹²⁴ K L University, 522502, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
¹²⁵ National Institute of Technology, Kure College, 737-8506, Hiroshima, Japan
¹²⁶ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
¹²⁷ Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, UK
¹²⁸ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
¹²⁹ Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal
¹³⁰ University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, Liverpool, UK
¹³¹ Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, NM, USA
¹³² Louisiana State University, 70803, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
¹³³ University of Lucknow, 226007, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
¹³⁴ Madrid Autonoma University and IFT UAM/CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
¹³⁵ Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55122, Mainz, Germany
¹³⁶ University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
¹³⁷ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
¹³⁸ Max-Planck-Institut, 80805, Munich, Germany
¹³⁹ University of Medellín, 050026, Medellín, Colombia
¹⁴⁰ University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
¹⁴¹ Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
¹⁴² Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
¹⁴³ Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
¹⁴⁴ University of Minnesota Duluth, 55812, Duluth, MN, USA
¹⁴⁵ University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA
¹⁴⁶ University of Mississippi, 38677, University, MS, USA
¹⁴⁷ Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138, Naples, NA, Italy
¹⁴⁸ University of New Mexico, 87131, Albuquerque, NM, USA
¹⁴⁹ H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
¹⁵⁰ Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
¹⁵¹ University of North Dakota, 58202-8357, Grand Forks, ND, USA
¹⁵² Northern Illinois University, 60115, DeKalb, IL, USA
¹⁵³ Northwestern University, 60208, Evanston, IL, USA
¹⁵⁴ University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
¹⁵⁵ Occidental College, 90041, Los Angeles, CA, USA
¹⁵⁶ Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
¹⁵⁷ Oregon State University, 97331, Corvallis, OR, USA
¹⁵⁸ University of Oxford, OX1 3RH, Oxford, UK
¹⁵⁹ Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 99352, Richland, WA, USA
¹⁶⁰ Universtà degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
¹⁶¹ Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, U.T., India
¹⁶² Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405, Orsay, France
¹⁶³ Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75006, Paris, France
¹⁶⁴ University of Parma, 43121, Parma, PR, Italy
¹⁶⁵ Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
¹⁶⁶ University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
¹⁶⁷ Pennsylvania State University, 16802, University Park, PA, USA
¹⁶⁸ Physical Research Laboratory, 380 009, Ahmedabad, India
¹⁶⁹ Università di Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
¹⁷⁰ University of Pittsburgh, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
¹⁷¹ Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
¹⁷² University of Puerto Rico, 00681, Mayaguez, PR, USA
¹⁷³ Punjab Agricultural University, 141004, Ludhiana, India
¹⁷⁴ Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, UK
¹⁷⁵ Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
¹⁷⁶ University of Rochester, 14627, Rochester, NY, USA
¹⁷⁷ Royal Holloway College, TW20 0EX, London, UK
¹⁷⁸ Rutgers University, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
¹⁷⁹ STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK
¹⁸⁰ Università del Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
¹⁸¹ San Jose State University, 95192-0106, San José, CA, USA
¹⁸² Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, RM, Italy
¹⁸³ Universidad Sergio Arboleda, 11022, Bogotá, Colombia
¹⁸⁴ University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
¹⁸⁵ SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 94025, Menlo Park, CA, USA
¹⁸⁶ University of South Carolina, 29208, Columbia, SC, USA
¹⁸⁷ South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 57701, Rapid City, SD, USA
¹⁸⁸ South Dakota State University, 57007, Brookings, SD, USA
¹⁸⁹ Southern Methodist University, 75275, Dallas, TX, USA
¹⁹⁰ Stony Brook University, SUNY, 11794, Stony Brook, NY, USA
¹⁹¹ Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
¹⁹² Sanford Underground Research Facility, 57754, Lead, SD, USA
¹⁹³ University of Sussex, BN1 9RH, Brighton, UK
¹⁹⁴ Syracuse University, 13244, Syracuse, NY, USA
¹⁹⁵ Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
¹⁹⁶ Texas A &M University, 77840, College Station, TX, USA
¹⁹⁷ Texas A &M University-Corpus Christi, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
¹⁹⁸ University of Texas at Arlington, 76019, Arlington, TX, USA
¹⁹⁹ University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA
²⁰⁰ University of Toronto, M5S 1A1, Toronto, ON, Canada
²⁰¹ Tufts University, 02155, Medford, MA, USA
²⁰² Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil
²⁰³ Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 689-798, Ulsan, South Korea
²⁰⁴ University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
²⁰⁵ Valley City State University, 58072, Valley City, ND, USA
²⁰⁶ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 700 064, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
²⁰⁷ Virginia Tech, 24060, Blacksburg, VA, USA
²⁰⁸ University of Warsaw, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
²⁰⁹ University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
²¹⁰ Wellesley College, 02481, Wellesley, MA, USA
²¹¹ Wichita State University, 67260, Wichita, KS, USA
²¹² College of William and Mary, 23187, Williamsburg, VA, USA
²¹³ University of Wisconsin Madison, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
²¹⁴ Yale University, 06520, New Haven, CT, USA
²¹⁵ Yerevan Institute for Theoretical Physics and Modeling, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
²¹⁶ York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada

^y leigh.howard.whitehead@cern.ch

Received: 30 June 2022
Accepted: 20 June 2023
Published online: 14 July 2023

Abstract

The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/c charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1% and 84.1%, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation.