https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10137-y
Regular Article - Experimental Physics
Implementation and first results of the KM3NeT real-time core-collapse supernova neutrino search
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INFN, Sezione di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France
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IFIC-Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
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INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy
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Dip. Scienze Fisiche “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy
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INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Laboratori d’Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Avda. Rambla Exposició, s/n, 08800, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain
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NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, 15310, Athens, Greece
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INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy
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Department of Computer Architecture and Technology/CITIC, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf, 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain
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Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, B.P. 1014, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco
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INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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KVI-CART University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Unidad Mixta IEO-UPV, C/ Paranimf, 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain
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Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, B.P. 717, BV Mohammed VI, R.P. 60000, Oujda, Morocco
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Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Italy
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ISS, Atomistilor 409, 077125, Măgurele, Romania
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Institute of Physics/IHEF, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94216, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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TNO, Technical Sciences, PO Box 155, 2600 AD, Delft, The Netherlands
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Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania ”Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Lincoln 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia Elettrica e dell’Informazione ”Guglielmo Marconi”, Via dell’Università 50, 47521, Cesena, Italy
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Physics Department, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O.B. 2390, Av. My Abdellah, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
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University of the Witwatersrand, School of Physics, Private Bag 3, 2050, Johannesburg, Wits, South Africa
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ”Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
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INFN, LNF, Via Enrico Fermi, 40, 00044, Frascati, Italy
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INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, 6102, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Université de Nantes, BP 20722, 4 rue Alfred Kastler-La Chantrerie, 44307, Nantes, France
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University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 31, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, 2751, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy
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Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, LPCCAEN, 6 boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14050, Caen, France
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Dpto. de Física Teórica y del Cosmos & C.A.F.P.E., University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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NIOZ (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research), PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
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Department of Physics 3, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave., 0179, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, PO Box 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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National Centre for Nuclear Research, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
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Department Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, 2006, Auckland Park, South Africa
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon-CC 72, 34095, Montpellier Cédex 05, France
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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Remeis Sternwarte, Sternwartstraße 7, 96049, Bamberg, Germany
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Université de Haute Alsace, Rue des Frères Lumière, 68093, Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Institut für Kernphysik, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Utrecht University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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INFN, CNAF, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
fc
lincetto@astro.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
jy
vannoye@cppm.in2p3.fr
Received:
15
September
2021
Accepted:
15
February
2022
Published online:
11
April
2022
The KM3NeT research infrastructure is unconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT will study atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos with two multi-purpose neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, primarily aimed at GeV–PeV neutrinos. Thanks to the multi-photomultiplier tube design of the digital optical modules, KM3NeT is capable of detecting the neutrino burst from a Galactic or near-Galactic core-collapse supernova. This potential is already exploitable with the first detection units deployed in the sea. This paper describes the real-time implementation of the supernova neutrino search, operating on the two KM3NeT detectors since the first months of 2019. A quasi-online astronomy analysis is introduced to study the time profile of the detected neutrinos for especially significant events. The mechanism of generation and distribution of alerts, as well as the integration into the SNEWS and SNEWS 2.0 global alert systems, are described. The approach for the follow-up of external alerts with a search for a neutrino excess in the archival data is defined. Finally, an overview of the current detector capabilities and a report after the first two years of operation are given.
© The Author(s) 2022
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