Reexamination of eccentricity scaling of elliptic flow and incomplete thermalization scenario in heavy-ion collisions at energies available at CERN large hadron collider

Arun Kumar Yadav; Partha Pratim Bhaduri; Subhasis Chattopadhyay

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14018-y

2023 Impact factor 4.2

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 247
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14018-y

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

Reexamination of eccentricity scaling of elliptic flow and incomplete thermalization scenario in heavy-ion collisions at energies available at CERN large hadron collider

Arun Kumar Yadav¹^,2, Partha Pratim Bhaduri¹^,2^a and Subhasis Chattopadhyay¹^,2

¹ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, 700064, Kolkata, India
² Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, 400094, Mumbai, India

^a partha.bhaduri@vecc.gov.in

Received: 8 January 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2025
Published online: 9 March 2025

Abstract

In this article, we reexamine the formulation for extraction of Knudsen number (K), the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density ( $η / s$ $\eta /s$ ), within the incomplete thermalization scenario, using eccentricity scaling of elliptic flow ( $v_{2}$ $v_{2}$ ) of final state hadrons. Data on centrality dependence of charged hadron $v_{2}$ $v_{2}$ in Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions, measured by ALICE and CMS collaborations at LHC are analyzed for this purpose. Results have been compared using two different models of collision namely Glauber Monte Carlo and TRENTO. The measured $v_{2}$ $v_{2}$ , even for $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV most central Pb–Pb collisions is found to be below the ideal hydrodynamic limit by at least $15 %$ $15 \%$ . Extracted $η / s$ $\eta /s$ of the medium exhibit heavy dependence on the employed initial conditions. Impact of the Pade approximants based alternative formulation of the functional relation between $v_{2}$ $v_{2}$ and K are also investigated in detail. Our studies reconfirm the importance of clarifying the initial state configuration as well as the inbuilt ambiguities in employing the transport approach based on incomplete equilibrium in a strongly coupled regime at LHC.

© The Author(s) 2025

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