Measurement of non-prompt -meson elliptic flow in Pb–Pb collisions at  TeV

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12259-3

2024 Impact factor 4.8

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2023) 83: 1123
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12259-3

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

Measurement of non-prompt $D^{0}$ ${{\textrm{D}}^{0}}$ -meson elliptic flow in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV

ALICE Collaboration¹⁵⁰^a

¹ A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
² AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
³ Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
⁴ Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
⁵ California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
⁶ Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
⁷ Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
⁸ Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
⁹ Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
¹⁰ China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
¹¹ China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
¹² Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
¹³ Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
¹⁴ COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
¹⁵ Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
¹⁶ Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
¹⁷ Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
¹⁸ Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
²⁰ Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
²¹ Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
²² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
²³ Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padua, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
³⁰ Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
³¹ Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
³² Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
³³ European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
³⁴ Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
³⁵ Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
³⁶ Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
³⁷ Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
³⁸ Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
³⁹ Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
⁴⁰ Fudan University, Shanghai, China
⁴¹ Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
⁴² Department of Physics, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
⁴³ Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
⁴⁴ Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁵ High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
⁴⁶ Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
⁴⁷ Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
⁴⁸ Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
⁴⁹ INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁵⁰ INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁵¹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁵² INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
⁵³ INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
⁵⁴ INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
⁵⁵ INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
⁵⁶ INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
⁵⁷ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁵⁸ Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
⁵⁹ Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, The Netherlands
⁶⁰ Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
⁶¹ Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
⁶² Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
⁶³ Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
⁶⁴ Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
⁶⁵ Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁶ Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
⁶⁷ Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁸ iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
⁶⁹ Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
⁷⁰ Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany
⁷¹ Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
⁷² KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
⁷³ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France
⁷⁴ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁷⁵ Division of Particle Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
⁷⁶ Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
⁷⁷ Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan
⁷⁸ Department of Physics, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
⁷⁹ National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
⁸⁰ National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
⁸¹ National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
⁸² National Research and Innovation Agency-BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁸³ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁴ Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁸⁵ Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, UK
⁸⁶ Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
⁸⁷ Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
⁸⁸ Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
⁸⁹ Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
⁹⁰ Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
⁹¹ Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
⁹² Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (SKCM2), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
⁹³ Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
⁹⁴ Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁵ Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
⁹⁶ Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
⁹⁷ Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
⁹⁸ Saga University, Saga, Japan
⁹⁹ Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹⁰⁰ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
¹⁰¹ Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
¹⁰² Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria
¹⁰³ SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
¹⁰⁴ Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
¹⁰⁵ Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
¹⁰⁶ Technical University of Košice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
¹⁰⁷ The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
¹⁰⁸ The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
¹⁰⁹ Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
¹¹⁰ Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
¹¹¹ Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
¹¹² Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
¹¹³ University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
¹¹⁴ University of Derby, Derby, UK
¹¹⁵ University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
¹¹⁶ University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
¹¹⁷ University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
¹¹⁸ University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
¹¹⁹ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
¹²⁰ University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
¹²¹ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
¹²² University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
¹²³ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
¹²⁴ University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
¹²⁵ University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
¹²⁶ Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹²⁷ Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Lyon, France
¹²⁸ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
¹²⁹ Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Saclay, France
¹³⁰ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
¹³¹ Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
¹³² Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
¹³³ Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
¹³⁴ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹³⁵ Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
¹³⁶ Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
¹³⁷ Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
¹³⁸ Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
¹³⁹ Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
¹⁴⁰ Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁴¹ Zentrum für Technologie und Transfer (ZTT), Worms, Germany
¹⁴² Affiliated with an Institute Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁴³ Affiliated with an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁴⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich, Germany
¹⁴⁵ Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
¹⁴⁶ Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
¹⁴⁷ Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
¹⁴⁸ Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
¹⁴⁹ An Institution Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁵⁰ CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland

^a alice-publications@cern.ch

Received: 8 September 2023
Accepted: 15 November 2023
Published online: 11 December 2023

Abstract

The elliptic flow $(v_{2})$ $$(v_2)$$ of $D^{0}$ ${\textrm{D}}^{0}$ mesons from beauty-hadron decays (non-prompt $D^{0})$ ${\textrm{D}}^{0})$ was measured in midcentral (30–50%) Pb–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The $D^{0}$ ${\textrm{D}}^{0}$ mesons were reconstructed at midrapidity $(| y | < 0.8)$ $$(|y|<0.8)$$ from their hadronic decay $D^{0} \to K^{-} π^{+}$ $\mathrm {D^0 \rightarrow K^-\uppi ^+}$ , in the transverse momentum interval $2 < p_{T} < 12$ $2< p_{\textrm{T}} < 12$ GeV/c. The result indicates a positive $v_{2}$ $$v_2$$ for non-prompt $D^{0}$ ${{\textrm{D}}^{0}}$ mesons with a significance of 2.7 $σ$ $\sigma$ . The non-prompt $D^{0}$ ${{\textrm{D}}^{0}}$ -meson $v_{2}$ $$v_2$$ is lower than that of prompt non-strange D mesons with 3.2 $σ$ $\sigma$ significance in $2 < p_{T} < 8 GeV / c$ $2< p_\textrm{T} < 8~\textrm{GeV}/c$ , and compatible with the $v_{2}$ $$v_2$$ of beauty-decay electrons. Theoretical calculations of beauty-quark transport in a hydrodynamically expanding medium describe the measurement within uncertainties.

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.