Gravitational lensing by a dark compact object in modified gravity and observational constraints from Einstein rings

Nagina Rehman; Zoe C. S. Chan; Mubasher Jamil; Mustapha Azreg-Aïnou

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13930-7

2023 Impact factor 4.2

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 233
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13930-7

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Gravitational lensing by a dark compact object in modified gravity and observational constraints from Einstein rings

Nagina Rehman¹, Zoe C. S. Chan², Mubasher Jamil¹^a and Mustapha Azreg-Aïnou³

¹ School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
² Department of Physics, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Malaysia
³ Engineering Faculty, Başkent University, Bağlıca Campus, 06790, Ankara, Turkey

^a mjamil@sns.nust.edu.pk

Received: 30 November 2024
Accepted: 9 February 2025
Published online: 6 March 2025

Abstract

In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive study of gravitational lensing by dark compact objects predicted by modified gravity (MOG) based on the scalar–vector–tensor action, with the aim of providing new insights into the nature of gravitational interactions. We compute weak and strong deflection angles for the specified static, spherically symmetric MOG spacetime. Additionally, we dedicate a section to exploring observational implications in the weak field limit. By employing a supermassive galactic black hole as a gravitational lens, we compare various parameters in MOG with those of the Schwarzschild black hole as lens in strong-field scenarios. Specifically, we model the black holes $M 87^{*}$ ${\text {M}87}{^*}$ and $Sgr A^{*}$ ${\text {Sgr}}\, {\text {A}}{^*}$ as lenses within the MOG framework, calculating the corresponding lensing coefficients and distortion parameters in the weak field regime.

© The Author(s) 2025

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