https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13898-4
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Nonstatic Reissner–Nordström metric in the perturbative f(R) theory: embedding in the background of the FLRW cosmology, uniqueness of solutions, the TOV equation
1
Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
2
Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 10 Dao Tan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Received:
2
January
2025
Accepted:
2
February
2025
Published online:
10
February
2025
This article introduces a nonstatic Reissner–Nordström metric, a metric that does not emit electromagnetic waves but can emit gravitational waves. We first use the GR theory to study a charged spherically symmetric gravitational source (CSSGS), the obtained results are further improved in comparison with the previous studies. In particular, this article considers that the field is not necessarily static. The metric tensors 
are considered both outside and inside the gravitational source (the results show that in the first case are time independent, in the latter case they are time dependent). The gravitational acceleration and the event horizon of a charged black hole are investigated. The results prove that the gravitational field is always attractive. We then use the perturbative f(R) theory to consider CSSGS. The obtained results not only correct the solution of Einstein’s equation in magnitude (this will describe astronomical and cosmological quantities more accurately than Einstein’s equation), but also reveal new effects. Outside the gravitational source, the metric tensors can depend on time, this makes it possible for a spherically symmetric gravitational source to emit gravitational waves (Einstein’s equation cannot give this effect). However, a spherically symmetric field still does not emit electromagnetic waves. Next, we present a new method for embedding the spherically symmetric metrics of a star (or a black hole) in the background of the FLRW cosmological. Finally, we discuss the uniqueness of the solutions of the f(R) theory. The perturbative TOV equation is also found.
The original online version of this article was revised: the title was incorrectly given as ’Nonstatic Reissner-Nordstr
m metric in the perturbative f(R) theory: embedding in the background of the FLRW cosmology, uniqueness of solutions, the TOV equation’ but should have been ’Nonstatic Reissner-Nordström metric in the perturbative f(R) theory: embedding in the background of the FLRW cosmology, uniqueness of solutions, the TOV equation’.
An erratum to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14093-1.
© The Author(s) 2025
corrected publication 2025
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