https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13711-8
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Thermodynamic of the f(Q) universe
1
School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, 310024, Hangzhou, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
3
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
4
Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, Hunan, China
Received:
10
July
2024
Accepted:
15
December
2024
Published online:
25
December
2024
We investigate thermodynamics of apparent horizon in the f(Q) universe with trivial and nontrivial connections. We first explore the perspectives of the first law, generalized second law and P–V phase transition with trivial connection. We show that the lowest-order correction of entropy has the same form as that in loop quantum gravity, and the critical exponents of the phase transition caused by the lowest-order correction are consistent with those in mean field theory. We then examine the thermodynamic implication of nontrivial connections. We find that nontrivial connections in the f(Q) universe imply non-equilibrium states from the perspective of thermodynamics.
© The Author(s) 2024
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