Compatibility of gravitational baryogenesis in f(Q, C) gravity

Muhammad Usman; Abdul Jawad; Abdul Malik Sultan

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13219-1

2024 Impact factor 4.8

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2024) 84: 868
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13219-1

Regular Article – Theoretical Physics

Compatibility of gravitational baryogenesis in f(Q, C) gravity

Muhammad Usman¹^,2, Abdul Jawad¹^,3^b and Abdul Malik Sultan⁴

¹ Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore-Campus, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
² Department of Natural Sciences and Humanities, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
³ Institute for Theoretical Physics and Cosmology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023, Hangzhou, China
⁴ Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

^b jawadab181@yahoo.com, abduljawad@cuilahore.edu.pk

Received: 26 April 2024
Accepted: 5 August 2024
Published online: 30 August 2024

Abstract

This paper investigates the disparity between matter and antimatter in the universe with the help of gravitational baryogenesis. This phenomenon commenced shortly after the big bang, resulting in a predominance of matter over antimatter. We analyze the mechanism of gravitational baryogenesis (baryon to entropy ratio) under the framework of f(Q, C) gravity, where Q indicates non-metricity scalar and C denotes the boundary term. This Phenomenon depends on the charge parity violation interaction and for this paper we produce it with the coupling between baryon matter current ( $j^{ν}$ $j^{\nu }$ ) and $\partial_{ν} (Q + C)$ $\partial _{\nu }(Q+C)$ . In the present work, we evaluate he baryon to entropy ratio ( $\frac{η_{_{B}}}{S}$ $\frac{\eta _{_B}}{S}$ ) by proposing two models of f(Q, C) with the assumption of power-law scale factor for each model and the universe contains perfect fluid throughout. We find that under optimal choice of model parameters, the results of $\frac{η_{_{B}}}{S}$ $\frac{\eta _{_B}}{S}$ of propose models in f(Q, C) are compatible with the observational bound. The crux of the current work is that the outcomes of our propose models for generalized case of gravitational baryogenesis are consist with its observational constraint in different eras of the Universe.

© The Author(s) 2024

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