Eur. Phys. J. C (2024) 84: 26
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12268-2

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

Luminosity determination using Z boson production at the CMS experiment

¹ Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
² Institut für Hochenergiephysik, Vienna, Austria
³ Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
⁴ Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
⁵ Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
⁶ Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
⁷ Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
⁸ Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
⁹ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
¹⁰ Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
¹¹ Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
¹² University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
¹³ Instituto De Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7 D, Arica, Chile
¹⁴ Beihang University, Beijing, China
¹⁵ Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
¹⁶ Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
¹⁷ State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
¹⁸ Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
¹⁹ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
²⁰ Institute of Modern Physics and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
²¹ Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
²² Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
²³ Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
²⁴ Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
²⁵ Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
²⁶ Institute Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb, Croatia
²⁷ University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
²⁸ Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
²⁹ Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
³⁰ Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
³¹ Academy of Scientific Research and Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics, Cairo, Egypt
³² Center for High Energy Physics (CHEP-FU), Fayoum University, El-Fayoum, Egypt
³³ National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
³⁴ Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
³⁵ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
³⁶ Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
³⁷ IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
³⁸ Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
³⁹ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
⁴⁰ Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I ), Villeurbanne, France
⁴¹ Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
⁴² I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
⁴³ III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
⁴⁴ III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
⁴⁵ Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
⁴⁶ University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
⁴⁷ Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
⁴⁸ Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPP), NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
⁴⁹ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
⁵⁰ National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
⁵¹ University of Ioánnina, Ioannina, Greece
⁵² MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
⁵³ Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
⁵⁴ Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
⁵⁵ Institute of Physics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
⁵⁶ Karoly Robert Campus, MATE Institute of Technology, Gyongyos, Hungary
⁵⁷ Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
⁵⁸ University of Delhi, Delhi, India
⁵⁹ Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India
⁶⁰ Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Madras, India
⁶¹ Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-A, Mumbai, India
⁶² Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-B, Mumbai, India
⁶³ National Institute of Science Education and Research, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
⁶⁴ Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
⁶⁵ Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
⁶⁶ Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
⁶⁷ University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
⁶⁸ INFN Sezione di Bari, Università di Bari, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁶⁹ INFN Sezione di Bologna, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁷⁰ INFN Sezione di Catania, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
⁷¹ INFN Sezione di Firenze, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
⁷² INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁷³ INFN Sezione di Genova, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
⁷⁴ INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
⁷⁵ INFN Sezione di Napoli, Università di Napoli ’Federico II’, Napoli, Italy; Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy;, Università G. Marconi, Rome, Italy
⁷⁶ INFN Sezione di Padova, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy; Università di Trento, Trento, Italy
⁷⁷ INFN Sezione di Pavia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
⁷⁸ INFN Sezione di Perugia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
⁷⁹ INFN Sezione di Pisa, Università di Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
⁸⁰ INFN Sezione di Roma, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
⁸¹ INFN Sezione di Torino, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
⁸² INFN Sezione di Trieste, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁸³ Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
⁸⁴ Chonnam National University, Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Kwangju, Korea
⁸⁵ Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
⁸⁶ Korea University, Seoul, Korea
⁸⁷ Kyung Hee University, Department of Physics, Seoul, Korea
⁸⁸ Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
⁸⁹ Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
⁹⁰ University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
⁹¹ Yonsei University, Department of Physics, Seoul, Korea
⁹² Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
⁹³ College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East (AUM), Dasman, Kuwait
⁹⁴ Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
⁹⁵ University of Latvia (LU), Riga, Latvia
⁹⁶ Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
⁹⁷ National Centre for Particle Physics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
⁹⁸ Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Hermosillo, Mexico
⁹⁹ Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
¹⁰⁰ Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
¹⁰¹ Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
¹⁰² University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
¹⁰³ University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
¹⁰⁴ National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
¹⁰⁵ AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, Kraków, Poland
¹⁰⁶ National Centre for Nuclear Research, Swierk, Poland
¹⁰⁷ Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
¹⁰⁸ Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
¹⁰⁹ Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
¹¹⁰ VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
¹¹¹ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
¹¹² Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
¹¹³ Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Oviedo, Spain
¹¹⁴ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
¹¹⁵ University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
¹¹⁶ University of Ruhuna, Department of Physics, Matara, Sri Lanka
¹¹⁷ CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
¹¹⁸ Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
¹¹⁹ ETH Zurich-Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics (IPA), Zurich, Switzerland
¹²⁰ Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
¹²¹ National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
¹²² National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
¹²³ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
¹²⁴ Physics Department, Science and Art Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
¹²⁵ Physics Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
¹²⁶ Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹²⁷ Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹²⁸ Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹²⁹ Institute for Scintillation Materials of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
¹³⁰ National Science Centre, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkiv, Ukraine
¹³¹ University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
¹³² Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
¹³³ Imperial College, London, UK
¹³⁴ Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
¹³⁵ Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
¹³⁶ Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
¹³⁷ The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
¹³⁸ Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
¹³⁹ Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
¹⁴⁰ University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
¹⁴¹ University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
¹⁴² University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
¹⁴³ University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
¹⁴⁴ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
¹⁴⁵ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
¹⁴⁶ Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
¹⁴⁷ University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
¹⁴⁸ Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
¹⁴⁹ Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA
¹⁵⁰ University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
¹⁵¹ Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
¹⁵² Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
¹⁵³ University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, USA
¹⁵⁴ The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
¹⁵⁵ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
¹⁵⁶ The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
¹⁵⁷ Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
¹⁵⁸ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
¹⁵⁹ University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
¹⁶⁰ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
¹⁶¹ University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
¹⁶² University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
¹⁶³ University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
¹⁶⁴ State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
¹⁶⁵ Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
¹⁶⁶ Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
¹⁶⁷ University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
¹⁶⁸ The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
¹⁶⁹ Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
¹⁷⁰ University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, USA
¹⁷¹ Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
¹⁷² Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, USA
¹⁷³ Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
¹⁷⁴ University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
¹⁷⁵ The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
¹⁷⁶ Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
¹⁷⁷ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
¹⁷⁸ Texas A &M University, College Station, TX, USA
¹⁷⁹ Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
¹⁸⁰ Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
¹⁸¹ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
¹⁸² Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
¹⁸³ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
¹⁸⁴ Authors affiliated with an institute or an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁸⁵ Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
¹⁸⁶ TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
¹⁸⁷ Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
¹⁸⁸ Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
¹⁸⁹ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
¹⁹⁰ Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
¹⁹¹ UFMS, Nova Andradina, Brazil
¹⁹² Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
¹⁹³ Now at The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
¹⁹⁴ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
¹⁹⁵ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
¹⁹⁶ Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
¹⁹⁷ An institute or an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁹⁸ Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
¹⁹⁹ Now at Zewail City of Science and Technology, Zewail, Egypt
²⁰⁰ British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
²⁰¹ Now at Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
²⁰² Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Mesra, India
²⁰³ Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
²⁰⁴ Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
²⁰⁵ Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
²⁰⁶ The University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
²⁰⁷ Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
²⁰⁸ University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
²⁰⁹ III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
²¹⁰ Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
²¹¹ Bergische University Wuppertal (BUW), Wuppertal, Germany
²¹² Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany
²¹³ Forschungszentrum Jülich, Juelich, Germany
²¹⁴ CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
²¹⁵ Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
²¹⁶ Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
²¹⁷ Institute of Physics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
²¹⁸ Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
²¹⁹ Now at Universitatea Babes-Bolyai - Facultatea de Fizica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
²²⁰ Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
²²¹ Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
²²² UPES-University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
²²³ University of Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
²²⁴ University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
²²⁵ Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
²²⁶ IIT Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
²²⁷ Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India
²²⁸ Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
²²⁹ Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
²³⁰ Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
²³¹ Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Iran
²³² Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Bologna, Italy
²³³ Centro Siciliano di Fisica Nucleare e di Struttura Della Materia, Catania, Italy
²³⁴ Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
²³⁵ Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Università di Napoli ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
²³⁶ Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA
²³⁷ Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro dell’INFN, Legnaro, Italy
²³⁸ Università di Napoli ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
²³⁹ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Perugia, Italy
²⁴⁰ Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
²⁴¹ Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
²⁴² Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico
²⁴³ Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University, Sri Lanka, Nilaveli, Sri Lanka
²⁴⁴ INFN Sezione di Pavia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
²⁴⁵ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
²⁴⁶ Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
²⁴⁷ University of Vienna Faculty of Computer Science, Vienna, Austria
²⁴⁸ Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
²⁴⁹ Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Vienna, Austria
²⁵⁰ Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, IN2P3-CNRS, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
²⁵¹ Near East University, Research Center of Experimental Health Science, Mersin, Turkey
²⁵² Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey
²⁵³ Izmir Bakircay University, Izmir, Turkey
²⁵⁴ Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
²⁵⁵ Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
²⁵⁶ Bozok Universitetesi Rektörlügü, Yozgat, Turkey
²⁵⁷ Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
²⁵⁸ Milli Savunma University, Istanbul, Turkey
²⁵⁹ Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
²⁶⁰ Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
²⁶¹ Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
²⁶² Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
²⁶³ Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
²⁶⁴ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
²⁶⁵ University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
²⁶⁶ IPPP Durham University, Durham, UK
²⁶⁷ Monash University, Faculty of Science, Clayton, Australia
²⁶⁸ Now at an institute or an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
²⁶⁹ Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
²⁷⁰ Bethel University, St. Paul, MN, USA
²⁷¹ Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
²⁷² California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
²⁷³ United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, USA
²⁷⁴ Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
²⁷⁵ Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
²⁷⁶ Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
²⁷⁷ Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
²⁷⁸ Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest, Romania
²⁷⁹ Texas A &M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
²⁸⁰ Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
²⁸¹ Another institute or international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
²⁸² Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
²⁸³ Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
²⁸⁴ Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
²⁸⁵ Imperial College, London, UK
²⁸⁶ Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
²⁸⁷ CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

^a cms-publication-committee-chair@cern.ch

Received: 2 September 2023
Accepted: 19 November 2023
Published online: 10 January 2024

Abstract

The measurement of Z boson production is presented as a method to determine the integrated luminosity of CMS data sets. The analysis uses proton–proton collision data, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2017 at a center-of-mass energy of 13. Events with Z bosons decaying into a pair of muons are selected. The total number of Z bosons produced in a fiducial volume is determined, together with the identification efficiencies and correlations from the same data set, in small intervals of 20 of integrated luminosity, thus facilitating the efficiency and rate measurement as a function of time and instantaneous luminosity. Using the ratio of the efficiency-corrected numbers of Z bosons, the precisely measured integrated luminosity of one data set is used to determine the luminosity of another. For the first time, a full quantitative uncertainty analysis of the use of Z  bosons for the integrated luminosity measurement is performed. The uncertainty in the extrapolation between two data sets, recorded in 2017 at low and high instantaneous luminosity, is less than 0.5%. We show that the Z boson rate measurement constitutes a precise method, complementary to traditional methods, with the potential to improve the measurement of the integrated luminosity.