Confront modified gravity with the massive pulsar

G. G. L. Nashed

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11882-4

2024 Impact factor 4.8

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2023) 83: 698
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11882-4

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Confront $f (R, T) = R + β T$ $f(R,T)={\mathcal {R}}+\beta T$ modified gravity with the massive pulsar $PSR J 0740 + 6620$ ${\textit{PSR J0740+6620}}$

G. G. L. Nashed^a

Centre for Theoretical Physics, The British University in Egypt, P.O. Box 43, 11837, El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt

^a nashed@bue.edu.eg

Received: 8 June 2023
Accepted: 28 July 2023
Published online: 7 August 2023

Abstract

Many physically inspired general relativity (GR) modifications predict significant deviations in the properties of spacetime surrounding massive neutron stars. Among these modifications is $f (R, T)$ $f({\mathcal {R}}, {\mathbb {T}})$ , where $R$ ${\mathcal {R}}$ is the Ricci scalar, $T$ ${\mathbb {T}}$ is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor, the gravitational theory that is thought to be a neutral extension of GR. Neutron stars with masses above 1.8 $M_{⊙}$ $M_{\odot }$ expressed as radio pulsars are precious tests of fundamental physics in extreme conditions unique in the observable universe and unavailable to terrestrial experiments. We obtained an exact analytical solution for anisotropic perfect-fluid spheres in hydrostatic equilibrium using the frame of the linear form of $f (R, T) = R + β T$ $f({\mathcal {R}},{\mathbb {T}})={\mathcal {R}}+\beta {\mathbb {T}}$ where $β$ $\beta$ is a dimensional parameter. We show that the dimensional parameter $β$ $\beta$ and the compactness, $C = \frac{2 G M}{R c^{2}}$ $C=\frac{2GM}{Rc^2}$ can be used to express all physical quantities within the star. We fix the dimensional parameter $β$ $\beta$ to be at most $β_{1} = \frac{β}{κ^{2}} = 0.1$ $\beta _1=\frac{\beta }{\kappa ^2}= 0.1$ in positive values through the use of observational data from NICER and X-ray Multi-Mirror telescopes on the pulsar $PSR J 0740 + 6620$ ${\textit{PSR J0740+6620}}$ , which provide information on its mass and radius. The mass and radius of the pulsar $PSR J 0740 + 6620$ ${\textit{PSR J0740+6620}}$ were determined by analyzing data obtained from NICER and X-ray Multi-Mirror telescopes. It is important to mention that no assumptions about equations of state were made in this research. Nevertheless, the model demonstrates a good fit with linear patterns involving bag constants. Generally, when the dimensional parameter $β$ $\beta$ is positive, the theory predicts that a star of the same mass will have a slightly larger size than what is predicted by GR. It has been explained that the hydrodynamic equilibrium equation includes an additional force resulting from the coupling between matter and geometry. This force partially reduces the effect of gravitational force. As a result, we compute the maximum compactness allowed by the strong energy condition for $f (R, T) = R + β T$ $f({\mathcal {R}}, {\mathbb {T}})={\mathcal {R}}+\beta {\mathbb {T}}$ and for GR, which are $C = 0.757$ $$C = 0.757$$ and 0.725, respectively. These values are approximately 3% higher than the prediction made by GR.. Furthermore, we estimate the maximum mass $M \approx 4.26 M_{⊙}$ $M\approx 4.26 M_{\odot }$ at a radius of $R \approx 15.9$ $R\approx 15.9$ km for the surface density at saturation nuclear density $ρ_{nuc} = 2.7 \times 10^{14}$ $\rho _{\text {nuc}} = 2.7\times 10^{14}$ g/cm $^{3}$ $$^3$$ .

Here $κ^{2}$ ${\kappa ^2}$ is the coupling constant of Einstein which is figured as $κ^{2} = \frac{8 π G}{c^{4}}$ ${\kappa ^2=\frac{8\pi G}{c^4}}$ , the Newtonian constant of gravitation is denoted as $F$ ${\textrm{F}}$ while $c$ ${\textrm{c}}$ represents the speed of light.

© The Author(s) 2023

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