https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11366-5
Regular Article - Experimental Physics
The hubble rate trouble: an effective field theory of dark matter
1
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
2
COSMO-Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
3
International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
4
Millennium Institute for Subatomic Physics at High-Energy Frontier (SAPHIR), Fernandez Concha 700, Santiago, Chile
5
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris (UMR7095: CNRS and UPMC-Sorbonne Universities), 75014, Paris, France
6
Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University Homewood Campus, 21218, Baltimore, MD, USA
7
BIPAC, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, OX1 3RH, Oxford, UK
8
Departamento de Fisica, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
e
deivid.rodrigo@academico.ufpb.br
Received:
3
January
2023
Accepted:
27
February
2023
Published online:
8
March
2023
The Hubble constant inferred from the 6-parameter fit to the CMB power spectrum conflicts with the value obtained from direct measurements via type Ia supernova and Cepheids observations. We write down effective operators involving spin-0, spin-1/2, and spin-1 dark matter that lead to the relativistic production of dark matter particles at early times, and consequently lead to an increase in the number of relativistic degrees of freedom. This mechanism which is amenable to CMB, BBN, and structure formation observables can sufficiently raise the value of the Hubble constant derived from CMB and reconcile local and CMB probes of the Hubble constant. This mechanism alone increases 
up to 
, and with the help of a Phantom-like cosmology, reach 
71–73 
. Lastly, we outline the region of parameter space which reproduces 71–73 
while obeying all relevant constraints.
© The Author(s) 2023
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