Eur. Phys. J. C (2016) 76: 231
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4084-y

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Emergence and oscillation of cosmic space by joining M1-branes

¹ Faculty of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University, P.O. Box 76175, Kerman, Iran
² Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha (RIAAM), P.O. Box 55134-441, Maragha, Iran
³ Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, West Bengal, India
⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
⁵ INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, 80126, Naples, Italy
⁶ Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), Viale F. Crispi, 7, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy
⁷ Tomsk State Pedagogical University, ul. Kievskaya 60, Tomsk, 634061, Russia
⁸ Deptartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
⁹ Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, G L A University, Mathura, 281 406, Uttar Pradesh, India

^* e-mail: alireza.sepehri@uk.ac.ir

Received: 29 December 2015
Accepted: 8 April 2016
Published online: 26 April 2016

Abstract

Recently, it has been proposed by Padmanabhan that the difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface and the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region leads to the expansion of the universe. Now, a natural question arises; how could this model explain the oscillation of the universe between contraction and expansion branches? We try to address this issue in the framework of a BIonic system. In this model, M0-branes join to each other and give rise to a pair of M1–anti-M1-branes. The fields which live on these branes play the roles of massive gravitons that cause the emergence of a wormhole between them and formation of a BIon system. This wormhole dissolves into M1-branes and causes a divergence between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface of M1 and the bulk leading to an expansion of M1-branes. When M1-branes become close to each other, the square energy of their system becomes negative and some tachyonic states emerge. To remove these states, M1-branes become compact, the sign of compacted gravity changes, causing anti-gravity to arise: in this case, branes get away from each other. By articulating M1-BIons, an M3-brane and an anti-M3-brane are created and connected by three wormholes forming an M3-BIon. This new system behaves like the initial system and by closing branes to each other, they become compact and, by getting away from each other, they open. Our universe is located on one of these M3-branes and, by compactifying the M3-brane, it contracts and, by opening it, it expands.