https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14547-6
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Collimated and spinning fireballs for ultra-relativistic jets: long vs short gamma-ray bursts by angular momentum and mass ratio
1
ICRANet Piazzale della Repubblica, 10, 65122, Pescara, Italy
2
Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
3
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
4
ICTP-AP, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
a xue@icra.it, she-sheng.xue@cern.ch
Received:
10
January
2025
Accepted:
18
July
2025
Published online:
31
July
2025
In this study, we investigate the gravitational collapses of rotating stellar systems accounting for gamma-ray burst jet progenitors. Based on the virial theorem of hadron collisional relaxations and Newtonian slow-rotating approximation, we analyze the conversion of gravitational binding energy into kinetic energy of hadrons, whose collisions produce photons and electron-positron pairs forming fireballs. Our qualitative analysis implies that rotation effects collimated and spinning fireballs with nontrivial angular momenta along the propagating direction, thus making ultra-relativistic jets. Results reveal the possible trends that the fireball becomes more collimated and the jet angle decreases as the total angular momentum and mass ratio J/M of the slow-rotating collapsing core increases. Discussing the extrapolation of these trends to fast-rotating collapsing systems, we speculate that the ratio J/M should be a key quantity for differentiating long bursts (massive core collapses) from short bursts (binary coalescence). We derive the intrinsic correlations of collimated fireball quantities that should be imprinted on a large sample of observed GRB data as empirical correlations.
© The Author(s) 2025
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