Scalar fully-charm and bottom tetraquarks under extreme temperatures

A. Aydın; H. Sundu; J. Y. Süngü; E. Veli Veliev

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14090-4

2024 Impact factor 4.8

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 567
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14090-4

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Scalar fully-charm and bottom tetraquarks under extreme temperatures

A. Aydın¹, H. Sundu², J. Y. Süngü¹^a and E. Veli Veliev¹

¹ Department of Physics, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Türkiye
² Department of Physics Engineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34700, Istanbul, Türkiye

^a jyilmazkaya@kocaeli.edu.tr

Received: 11 November 2024
Accepted: 15 March 2025
Published online: 23 May 2025

Abstract

Temperature-dependences of masses and current couplings of the ground state of the fully heavy tetraquarks $T_{4 c}$ $T_{4c}$ and $T_{4 b}$ $T_{4b}$ , composed of charm (c) and bottom (b) quarks and antiquarks with spin-parities $J^{PC} = 0^{+ +}$ $J^{PC} = 0^{++}$ are evaluated in the diquark–antidiquark picture using Thermal QCDSR including vacuum condensates up to dimension four. The calculated values for $c c \bar{c} \bar{c}$ $cc\bar{c}\bar{c}$ and $b b \bar{b} \bar{b}$ $bb\bar{b}\bar{b}$ tetraquark states at $T = 0$ $$T=0$$ align well with the experimental data on the broad structures. Based on the numerical analyses around the critical temperature, the mass of the $T_{4 c}$ $T_{4c}$ state decreases by $8 %$ $8\%$ compared to its vacuum state, while for its b partner, this percentage is approximately $3.3 %$ $3.3\%$ . For the decay constants, the reductions are approximately $71 %$ $71\%$ and $66.6 %$ $66.6\%$ , respectively. The precise exploration of tetraquark states awaits future scrutiny in upcoming experiments, including Belle II, Super-B, PANDA, and LHCb.

© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.