https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14102-3
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Nonmetricity-based hybrid self-gravitating compact stars with embedded class-one symmetry
1
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Ha’il, 2440, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
2
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Constituent College, 36050, Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
3
Institute of Physics, Gomal University, 29220, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan
Received:
3
February
2025
Accepted:
19
March
2025
Published online:
2
April
2025
This work aims to explore the novel characteristics of a static hybrid transitional star with a spherical distribution of relativistic matter under the embedded class one metric framework. This theoretical stellar model is derived using the nonmetricity-inspired 
gravity, featuring a core-crust structure: a strange matter core embedded in a normal matter crust. Our model incorporates pressure anisotropy as an intrinsic characteristic of highly compact strange stars, a feature expected to arise in the super-dense regime. The equation of state, in its basic form, using the MIT bag model is employed to represent correlation between pressure and density in quark matter inside the star’s core. The development of this model involves selecting the temporal gravitational potential based on the Tolman–Kuchowicz ansatz, while the radial gravitational potential is determined using the Class One embedding formalism. We employed both analytical and graphical methods to assess the robustness and equilibrium of the presented stellar solution. We provide an in-depth description of the astrophysical features of the model and show that they fulfill regularity requirements. A key finding of this investigation is the absence of a core singularity within the anisotropic stellar formation. The solution matches the properties of the observed self-gravitating pulsar objects: SAX J1804.4-3658 (SS1), EXO1745-248, 4U1820-30, 4U1608-52, PSR J0740+6620, PSR J0030+0451, Cen X-4, and SAX J1804.4-3658 (SS2).
The original online version of this article was revised: In this article the first affiliation contained a misprint. The ’University of Haíl, Haíl’ should read ’ University of Ha’il, Ha’il’.
© The Author(s) 2025
corrected publication 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Funded by SCOAP3.
