Implications of DES 5YR SNe Dataset for CDM

Eoin Ó Colgáin; Saeed Pourojaghi; M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13995-4

2023 Impact factor 4.2

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 286
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13995-4

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Implications of DES 5YR SNe Dataset for $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM

Eoin Ó Colgáin¹^a, Saeed Pourojaghi² and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari³

¹ Atlantic Technological University, Ash Lane, F91 YW50, Sligo, Ireland
² Department of Physics, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65178, Hamedan, Iran
³ School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), 19395-5531, Tehran, Iran

^a ocolgain@gmail.com

Received: 30 September 2024
Accepted: 22 February 2025
Published online: 13 March 2025

Abstract

Dark Energy Survey 5-year supernovae data (DES 5YR SNe) in conjunction with Planck CMB and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) BAO data has detected a strong dynamical dark energy (DE) deviation from the $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model. Here we shift the focus of DES data to the pressureless matter sector in the $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM model by studying the matter density parameter $Ω_{m}$ $\Omega _m$ . Employing primarily frequentist profile likelihoods, supported by complementary Bayesian methods, we demonstrate that $Ω_{m}$ $\Omega _m$ increases with effective redshift in the DES data up to a point that there is a $2.5 σ$ $2.5 \sigma$ discrepancy with Planck. We relax the traditional $Ω_{m} \leq 1$ $\Omega _m \le 1$ prior to demonstrate negative DE densities $Ω_{m} > 1$ $\Omega _m > 1$ at the highest effective redshift probed. Nevertheless, the largest discrepancy with Planck occurs for profile likelihoods and posteriors peaked at $Ω_{m} < 1$ $\Omega _m < 1$ in the traditional $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM regime. Our findings corroborate earlier observations in Pantheon and Pantheon+ datasets with an independent SNe dataset with a higher effective redshift. In an appendix, we confirm that curvature $Ω_{k}$ $\Omega _k$ decreases with effective redshift disfavouring a flat Universe in higher redshift DES SNe at $> 3 σ$ $> 3 \sigma$ . Our choice of $Ω_{k}$ $\Omega _k$ prior leads to an underestimation of the tension with a flat Universe.

© The Author(s) 2025

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