Model-independent test of the cosmic anisotropy with inverse distance ladder

Zong-Fan Yang; Da-Wei Yao; M. Le Delliou; Ke Wang

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13994-5

2024 Impact factor 4.8

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 339
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13994-5

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Model-independent test of the cosmic anisotropy with inverse distance ladder

Zong-Fan Yang¹, Da-Wei Yao², M. Le Delliou¹^,3^,4^,5^,6^,7 and Ke Wang⁸^a

¹ School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
² Beijing Zhihuo Technology Co., Ltd, 100000, Beijing, China
³ Institute of Theoretical Physics and Research Center of Gravitation, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
⁴ Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
⁵ Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, 1769-016, Lisbon, Portugal
⁷ Université de Paris-Cité, APC-Astroparticule et Cosmologie (UMR-CNRS 7164), 75006, Paris, France
⁸ Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, 116029, Dalian, China

^a wangke@lnnu.edu.cn

Received: 19 September 2024
Accepted: 22 February 2025
Published online: 24 March 2025

Abstract

If the Universe is endowed with cosmic anisotropy, it will have a preferred direction of expansion. By reconstructing the expansion history using a Gaussian process (GP), researchers can probe the cosmic anisotropy model-independently. In this paper, for the luminosity distance $d_{L} (z)$ $$d_L(z)$$ reconstruction, we turn to the inverse distance ladder, where type Ia supernovae (SNIa) from the Pantheon+ sample determine relative distances, and strongly gravitationally lensed quasars from the H0LiCOW sample anchor these relative distances with some absolute distance measurements. By isolating the anisotropic information that could be carried by the Hubble constant $H_{0}$ $$H_0$$ and obtaining constraints on the intrinsic parameter of SNIa, the absolute magnitude $M = - 19 . 2522_{- 0.0649}^{+ 0.0594}$ $M=-19.2522^{+0.0594}_{-0.0649}$ (at $68 %$ $68\%$ CL), we find that $d_{L} (z)$ $$d_L(z)$$ reconstructions from samples located in different regions of the galactic coordinate system are almost consistent with each other, while only a very weak preference for the cosmic anisotropy is found.

© The Author(s) 2025

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