https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13853-3
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Simulating toponium formation signals at the LHC
1
Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Énergies (LPTHE), UMR 7589, Sorbonne Université et CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
2
KEK Theory Center, 305-0801, Tsukuba, Japan
3
Faculty of Science, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, 710055, Xi’an, China
4
Faculty of Education, Iwate University, 020-8550, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
Received:
4
December
2024
Accepted:
20
January
2025
Published online:
7
February
2025
We present a method to simulate toponium formation events at the LHC using the Green’s function of non-relativistic QCD in the Coulomb gauge, which governs the momentum distribution of top quarks in the presence of the QCD potential. This Green’s function can be employed to re-weight any matrix elements relevant for 
production and decay processes where a colour-singlet top–antitop pair is produced in the S-wave at threshold. As an example, we study the formation of 
toponium states in the gluon fusion channel at the LHC, combining the re-weighted matrix elements with parton showering.
© The Author(s) 2025
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