The cosmic timeline implied by the highest redshift quasars

Fulvio Melia

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13652-2

2023 Impact factor 4.2

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2024) 84: 1279
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13652-2

Letter

The cosmic timeline implied by the highest redshift quasars

Fulvio Melia¹^,2^a

¹ Department of Physics, The Applied Math Program, The University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, AZ, USA
² Department of Astronomy, The University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, AZ, USA

^a fmelia@email.arizona.edu

Received: 27 August 2024
Accepted: 24 November 2024
Published online: 10 December 2024

Abstract

The conventional picture of supermassive black-hole growth in the standard model had already been seriously challenged by the emergence of $\sim 10^{9} M_{⊙}$ $\sim 10^9\;M_\odot$ quasars at $z \sim 7.5$ $z\sim 7.5$ , conflicting with the predicted formation of structure in the early $Λ$ $\varLambda$ CDM Universe. But the most recent JWST discovery of a $\sim 10^{8} M_{⊙}$ $\sim 10^8\;M_\odot$ source at $z \sim 10.1$ $z\sim 10.1$ argues even more strongly against the possibility that these black holes were created in Pop II or III supernovae, followed by Eddington-limited accretion. Attempts at resolving this anomaly have largely focused on the formation of seeds via an exotic, direct collapse of primordial gas to an initial mass $\sim 10^{5} M_{⊙}$ $\sim 10^5\;M_\odot$ – a process that has never been seen anywhere in the cosmos. Our goal in this Letter is to demonstrate that the emergence of these black holes is instead fully consistent with standard astrophysics in the context of the alternative Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker cosmology known as the $R_{h} = c t$ $R_\textrm{h}=ct$ universe. We show that, while the predicted evolution in the standard model is overly compressed, the creation, growth and appearance of such high-z quasars fall comfortably within the evolutionary history in this cosmology, thereby adding considerable observational support to the existing body of evidence favoring it over the standard scenario.

John Woodruff Simpson Fellow.

© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.