Rips and regular future scenario with holographic dark energy: a comprehensive look

I. Brevik; Maxim Khlopov; S. D. Odintsov; Alexander V. Timoshkin; Oem Trivedi

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13601-z

2023 Impact factor 4.2

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2024) 84: 1269
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13601-z

Regular Article

Rips and regular future scenario with holographic dark energy: a comprehensive look

I. Brevik¹, Maxim Khlopov²^,3^,4, S. D. Odintsov⁵^,6, Alexander V. Timoshkin⁷^,8 and Oem Trivedi⁹^a

¹ Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
² Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
³ Virtual Institute of Astroparticle Physics, 75018, Paris, France
⁴ Center for Cosmoparticle Physics Cosmion, National Research Nuclear University “MEPHI”, 115409, Moscow, Russia
⁵ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), C. Can Magrans s/n, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
⁶ ICREA, Passeig Luis Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
⁷ Institute of Scientific Research and Development, Tomsk State Pedagogical University (TSPU), 634061, Tomsk, Russia
⁸ Lab. for Theor. Cosmology, International Centre of Gravity and Cosmos, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio Electronics (TUSUR), 634050, Tomsk, Russia
⁹ International Centre for Space and Cosmology, Ahmedabad University, 380009, Ahmedabad, India

^a oem.t@ahduni.edu.in

Received: 10 June 2024
Accepted: 10 November 2024
Published online: 9 December 2024

Abstract

Interest on the possible future scenarios the universe could have has grew substantially with breakthroughs on late-time acceleration. Holographic dark energy (HDE) presents a very interesting approach towards addressing late-time acceleration, presenting an intriguing interface of ideas from quantum gravity and cosmology. In this work we present an extensive discussion of possible late-time scenarios, focusing on rips and similar events, in a universe with holographic dark energy. We discuss these events in the realm of the generalized Nojiri–Odintsov cutoff and also for the more primitive holographic cutoffs like Hubble, particle and event horizon cutoffs. We also discuss the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics and various energy conditions in these regimes. Our work points towards the idea that it is not possible to have alternatives of the big rip consistently in the simpler HDE cutoffs, and shows the flexibility of the generalized HDE cutoff as well.

© The Author(s) 2024

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