Eur. Phys. J. C (2024) 84: 780
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13163-0

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Reentrant Hawking–Page phase transition of charged Gauss–Bonnet-AdS black holes in the grand canonical ensemble

School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, China

^c xuwei@cug.edu.cn

Received: 6 June 2024
Accepted: 22 July 2024
Published online: 5 August 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we study the reentrant Hawking–Page transition in the grand canonical ensemble of Gauss–Bonnet AdS spacetime. We find that the four-dimensional Gauss–Bonnet hyperbolic AdS black hole always has a reentrant Hawking–Page transition in the range of electric potential $0<\mathrm{\Phi }<{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\mathit{tr}}$, accompanied by the appearance of the triple point. However, once the potential exceeds a certain upper limit ${\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\mathit{tr}}$, i.e. $\mathrm{\Phi }>{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\mathit{tr}}$, the Hawking–Page transition disappears. In the spacetime of five and higher dimensional Gauss–Bonnet hyperbolic AdS black hole, the reentrant Hawking–Page transition is solely observed to occur when the electric potential $\mathrm{\Phi }$ lies between two specific thresholds (${\mathrm{\Phi }}_c<\mathrm{\Phi }<{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\mathit{tr}}$). In scenarios where the electric potential is below ${\mathrm{\Phi }}_c$ ($\mathrm{\Phi }<{\mathrm{\Phi }}_c$), only the standard Hawking–Page transition as in the the Einstein gravity is observed. Similar to the four-dimensional case, the Hawking–Page transition is negated when the electric potential exceeds ${\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\mathit{tr}}$ ($\mathrm{\Phi }>{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\mathit{tr}}$). We give the coexistence line, the triple point and critical point of the Hawking–Page transition in the phase diagram of the Gauss–Bonnet hyperbolic AdS black hole. The observed reentrant Hawking–Page transitions and triple points in the context of Gauss–Bonnet hyperbolic AdS black holes may correspond to the phase transitions and triple points in QCD phase diagrams, following the spirit of the AdS/CFT correspondence. To be a complete research, the Hawking–Page transition of d-dimensional charged spherical Gauss–Bonnet-AdS black hole in the grand canonical ensemble is also study in the Appendix, for which there exists a standard Hawking–Page transition with the transition temperature depending on the Gauss–Bonnet constant $\alpha$.