https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11002-8
Regular Article - Experimental Physics
Mass testing and characterization of 20-inch PMTs for JUNO
1
Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
2
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
3
Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
4
Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
5
Millennium Institute for SubAtomic Physics at the High-Energy Frontier (SAPHIR), ANID, Santiago, Chile
6
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
7
Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile
8
Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing, China
9
Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
10
China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
11
Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
12
North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
13
School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
14
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
15
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
16
Jilin University, Changchun, China
17
College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
18
Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
19
Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
20
Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
21
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
22
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
23
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
24
The Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry Group in University of South China, Hengyang, China
25
Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
26
Shandong University, Jinan, China, and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
27
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
28
Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
29
Guangxi University, Nanning, China
30
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
31
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
32
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
33
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
34
Nankai University, Tianjin, China
35
Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
36
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
37
Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
38
School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
39
Institute of Physics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
40
National United University, Miao-Li, Taiwan
41
Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
42
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
43
Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
44
IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France
45
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2i Bordeaux, UMR 5797, F-33170, Gradignan, France
46
IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3, F-67037, Strasbourg, France
47
Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Marseille, France
48
SUBATECH, Université de Nantes, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
49
III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
50
Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
51
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Physics Institute IKP-2, Jülich, Germany
52
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
53
Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
54
Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
55
Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
56
INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
57
Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara and INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
58
INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
59
INFN Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
60
INFN Milano Bicocca and Politecnico of Milano, Milan, Italy
61
INFN Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
62
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università di Padova and INFN Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
63
INFN Sezione di Perugia and Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie dell’Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
64
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, Rome, Italy
65
University of Roma Tre and INFN Sezione Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
66
Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, Riga, Latvia
67
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
68
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
69
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
70
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
71
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
72
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
73
National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai, Thailand
74
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
75
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
76
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Received:
20
May
2022
Accepted:
4
November
2022
Published online:
24
December
2022
Main goal of the JUNO experiment is to determine the neutrino mass ordering using a 20 kt liquid-scintillator detector. Its key feature is an excellent energy resolution of at least 3% at 1 MeV, for which its instruments need to meet a certain quality and thus have to be fully characterized. More than 20,000 20-inch PMTs have been received and assessed by JUNO after a detailed testing program which began in 2017 and elapsed for about four years. Based on this mass characterization and a set of specific requirements, a good quality of all accepted PMTs could be ascertained. This paper presents the performed testing procedure with the designed testing systems as well as the statistical characteristics of all 20-inch PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment, covering more than fifteen performance parameters including the photocathode uniformity. This constitutes the largest sample of 20-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date, i.e. 15,000 of the newly developed 20-inch MCP-PMTs from Northern Night Vision Technology Co. (NNVT) and 5000 of dynode PMTs from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.(HPK).
© The Author(s) 2022
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Funded by SCOAP3. SCOAP3 supports the goals of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development.
