https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10591-8
Review
A comprehensive study of the inclusive production of negative pions in p+p collisions for interaction energies from 3 GeV to 13 TeV covering the non-perturbative sector of the strong interaction
1
Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
2
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
3
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
Received:
3
March
2022
Accepted:
1
July
2022
Published online:
5
October
2022
Over the past 60 years a rich sample of experimental results concerning the inclusive production of 
mesons has been obtained spanning a range from about 3 GeV to 13 TeV in interaction energy. This paper attempts a model-independent overview of these results with the aim at obtaining an internally consistent data description on a dense grid over the three inclusive variables transverse momentum, rapidity or Feynman 
and interaction energy. The study concentrates on the non-perturbative sector of the strong interaction by limiting the transverse momenta to 
1.3 GeV/c. The three-dimensional interpolation which is mandatory and necessary for this aim is shown to provide a controlled systematic precision of better than 5%. This accuracy allows for a critical inspection of each of the 40 experiments concerned in turn. It also allows precision tests of some of the physics concepts developed around inclusive processes like energy scaling, “thermal” production and the evolution of transverse momenta.
M. Makariev: Also at Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
© The Author(s) 2022
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