Eur. Phys. J. C (2022) 82: 785
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10758-3

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Localizing branes with bifurcating bulks

¹ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies-LPTHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
² Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZL, Liverpool, UK
³ Institute of Gravitation and Cosmology, RUDN University, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198, Moscow, Russia
⁴ Research Laboratory of Geometry, Dynamical Systems and Cosmology, University of the Aegean, 83200, Karlovassi, Samos, Greece
⁵ Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100, Mytilene, Greece

^b skot@aegean.gr

Received: 8 June 2022
Accepted: 27 August 2022
Published online: 5 September 2022

Abstract

We study the problem of evolution of bulk 5-fluids having an embedded braneworld with a flat, de Sitter, or anti-de Sitter geometry. We introduce new variables to express the Einstein equations as a dynamical system that depends on the equation of state parameter $\gamma$ and exponent $\lambda$. For linear fluids (i.e., $\lambda =1$), our formulation leads to a partial decoupling of the equations and thus to an exact solution. We find that such a fluid develops a transcritical bifurcation around the value $\gamma =-1/2$, and study how this behaviour affects to stability of the solutions. For nonlinear fluids, the situation is more diverse. We find an overall attractor at $\lambda =1/2$ and draw enough phase portraits to exhibit in detail the overall dynamics. We show that the value $\lambda =3/2$ is structurally unstable and typical for other forms of $\lambda$. Consequently, we observe a noticeable dependence of the qualitative behaviour of the solutions on different ‘polytropic’ forms of the fluid bulk. In addition, we prove the existence of a Dulac function for nonlinear fluids, signifying the impossibility of closed orbits in certain subsets of the phase space. We also provide ample numerical evidence of gravity localizing solutions on the brane which satisfy all energy conditions.