https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-7984-9
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Comparison of topological charge definitions in Lattice QCD
1
Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
2
Computation-based Science and Technology Research Research, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Kavafi Str., Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
3
Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
4
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Regensburg University, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
5
NIC, DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Zeuthen, Germany
6
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
7
Universität Bern, Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
8
Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik (Theorie) and Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
* e-mail: kcichy@amu.edu.pl
Received:
16
December
2019
Accepted:
28
April
2020
Published online:
15
May
2020
In this paper, we show a comparison of different definitions of the topological charge on the lattice. We concentrate on one small-volume ensemble with 2 flavours of dynamical, maximally twisted mass fermions and use three more ensembles to analyze the approach to the continuum limit. We investigate several fermionic and gluonic definitions. The former include the index of the overlap Dirac operator, the spectral flow of the Wilson–Dirac operator and the spectral projectors. For the latter, we take into account different discretizations of the topological charge operator and various smoothing schemes to filter out ultraviolet fluctuations: the gradient flow, stout smearing, APE smearing, HYP smearing and cooling. We show that it is possible to perturbatively match different smoothing schemes and provide a well-defined smoothing scale. We relate the smoothing parameters for cooling, stout and APE smearing to the gradient flow time 
. In the case of hypercubic smearing the matching is performed numerically. We investigate which conditions have to be met to obtain a valid definition of the topological charge and susceptibility and we argue that all valid definitions are highly correlated and allow good control over topology on the lattice.
© The Author(s), 2020
