Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78: 811
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6247-5

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Photon sector analysis of Super and Lorentz symmetry breaking: effective photon mass, bi-refringence and dissipation

¹ Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers en région Centre (OSUC) UMS 3116, Université d’Orléans, 1A Rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France
² Collegium Sciences et Techniques (COST), Pôle de Physique, Université d’Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45100, Orléans, France
³ Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace (LPC2E) UMR 7328, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus CNRS, 3A Av. de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans, France
⁴ Departamento de Astrofísica, Cosmologia e Interações Fundamentais (COSMO), Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-180, Brazil

^* e-mail: spallicci@cnrs-orleans.fr

Received: 23 September 2017
Accepted: 15 September 2018
Published online: 6 October 2018

Abstract

Within the standard model extension (SME), we expand our previous findings on four classes of violations of Super-Symmetry (SuSy) and Lorentz Symmetry (LoSy), differing in the handedness of the Charge conjugation-Parity-Time reversal (CPT) symmetry and in whether considering the impact of photinos on photon propagation. The violations, occurring at the early universe high energies, show visible traces at present in the Dispersion Relations (DRs). For the CPT-odd classes ( breaking vector) associated with the Carroll–Field–Jackiw (CFJ) model, the DRs and the Lagrangian show for the photon an effective mass, gauge invariant, proportional to . The group velocity exhibits a classic dependency on the inverse of the frequency squared. For the CPT-even classes ( breaking tensor), when the photino is considered, the DRs display also a massive behaviour inversely proportional to a coefficient in the Lagrangian and to a term linearly dependent on . All DRs display an angular dependence and lack LoSy invariance. In describing our results, we also point out the following properties: (i) the appearance of complex or simply imaginary frequencies and super-luminal speeds and (ii) the emergence of bi-refringence. Finally, we point out the circumstances for which SuSy and LoSy breakings, possibly in presence of an external field, lead to the non-conservation of the photon energy-momentum tensor. We do so for both CPT sectors.