Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78: 754
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6235-9

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Spatially modulated vacua in a Lorentz-invariant scalar field theory

¹ Department of Physics, and Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Hiyoshi 4-1-1, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
² Department of Physics, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
³ Department of Physics, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan

^* e-mail: shin-s@kitasato-u.ac.jp

Received: 24 April 2018
Accepted: 10 September 2018
Published online: 19 September 2018

Abstract

Spatial modulation has been studied for a long time in condensed matter, nuclear matter and quark matter, where the manifest Lorentz invariance is lost due to the finite density/temperature effects and so on. In this paper, spatially modulated vacua at zero temperature and zero density are studied in Lorentz invariant field theories. We first propose an adaptation of the Nambu–Goldstone theorem to higher derivative theories under the assumption of the absence of ghosts: when a global symmetry is spontaneously broken due to vacuum expectation values of space-time derivatives of fields, a Nambu–Goldstone (NG) boson appears without a canonical kinetic (quadratic derivative) term with a quartic derivative term in the modulated direction while a Higgs boson appears with a canonical kinetic term. We demonstrate this in a simple model allowing (meta)stable modulated vacuum of a phase modulation (Fulde–Ferrell state), where an NG mode associated with spontaneously broken translational and U(1) symmetries appears.