https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5823-z
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Deflection of light by black holes and massless wormholes in massive gravity
1
Physics Department, State University of Tetovo, Ilinden Street nn, 1200, Tetovo, Macedonia
2
Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 3, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia
3
Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
4
Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
* e-mail: ayan_7575@yahoo.co.in
Received:
28
December
2017
Accepted:
19
April
2018
Published online:
28
April
2018
Weak gravitational lensing by black holes and wormholes in the context of massive gravity (Bebronne and Tinyakov, JHEP 0904:100, 2009) theory is studied. The particular solution examined is characterized by two integration constants, the mass M and an extra parameter S namely ‘scalar charge’. These black hole reduce to the standard Schwarzschild black hole solutions when the scalar charge is zero and the mass is positive. In addition, a parameter 
in the metric characterizes so-called ‘hair’. The geodesic equations are used to examine the behavior of the deflection angle in four relevant cases of the parameter . Then, by introducing a simple coordinate transformation 
into the black hole metric, we were able to find a massless wormhole solution of Einstein–Rosen (ER) (Einstein and Rosen, Phys Rev 43:73, 1935) type with scalar charge S. The programme is then repeated in terms of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem in the weak field limit after a method is established to deal with the angle of deflection using different domains of integration depending on the parameter . In particular, we have found new analytical results corresponding to four special cases which generalize the well known deflection angles reported in the literature. Finally, we have established the time delay problem in the spacetime of black holes and wormholes, respectively.
© The Author(s), 2018
