https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5065-5
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Bose–Einstein condensation and symmetry breaking of a complex charged scalar field
1
Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, A.P. 14-740, 07000, Mexico, DF, Mexico
2
Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Ciudad Universitaria, Carretera Zapata Km. 4, Real del Bosque (Terán), 29040, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
3
Departamento de Aeronáutica, Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda San Javier, 43860, Tolcayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
* e-mail: ecastellanos@mctp.mx
** e-mail: ecastellanos@fis.cinvestav.mx
Received:
19
January
2017
Accepted:
13
July
2017
Published online:
28
July
2017
In this work the Klein–Gordon equation for a complex scalar field with U(1) symmetry endowed in a mexican-hat scalar field potential with thermal and electromagnetic contributions is written as a Gross–Pitaevskii (GP)-like equation. This equation is interpreted as a charged generalization of the GP equation at finite temperatures found in previous works. Its hydrodynamical representation is obtained and the corresponding thermodynamical properties are derived and related to measurable quantities. The condensation temperature in the non-relativistic regime associated with the aforementioned system within the semiclassical approximation is calculated. Also, a generalized equation for the conservation of energy for a charged bosonic gas is found when electromagnetic fields are introduced, and it is studied how under certain circumstances its breaking of symmetry can give some insight on the phase transition of the system not just into the condensed phase but also on other related systems
© The Author(s), 2017
