Eur. Phys. J. C (2015) 75: 477
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3683-3

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

How unimodular gravity theories differ from general relativity at quantum level

¹ Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
² Instituto de Física Teórica (IFT), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Dr. Bento Teobaldo Ferraz 271, Bloco II, São Paulo, SP, 01140-070, Brazil

^* e-mail: markku.oksanen@helsinki.fi

Received: 21 May 2015
Accepted: 16 September 2015
Published online: 6 October 2015

Abstract

We investigate path integral quantization of two versions of unimodular gravity. First a fully diffeomorphism-invariant theory is analyzed, which does not include a unimodular condition on the metric, while still being equivalent to other unimodular gravity theories at the classical level. The path integral has the same form as in general relativity (GR), except that the cosmological constant is an unspecified value of a variable, and it thus is unrelated to any coupling constant. When the state of the universe is a superposition of vacuum states, the path integral is extended to include an integral over the cosmological constant. Second, we analyze the standard unimodular theory of gravity, where the metric determinant is fixed by a constraint. Its path integral differs from the one of GR in two ways: the metric of spacetime satisfies the unimodular condition only in average over space, and both the Hamiltonian constraint and the associated gauge condition have zero average over space. Finally, the canonical relation between the given unimodular theories of gravity is established.