https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15391-y
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Enhanced robustness of non-maximal multipartite entanglement under Hawking radiation
1
College of Physical Science and Technology, Bohai University, 121013, Jinzhou, China
2
Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, 116029, Dalian, China
a
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b
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Received:
5
November
2025
Accepted:
30
January
2026
Published online:
24
February
2026
Abstract
It is commonly expected that maximally multipartite entangled states provide the richest quantum correlations and thus represent optimal quantum resources in the Schwarzschild black hole background. Here, by analyzing the genuine N-partite entanglement of fermionic modes near the event horizon, quantified via concurrence, we identify a counterintuitive phenomenon: in this curved spacetime, the genuine multipartite entanglement of a maximally entangled state can be lower than that of a suitably chosen non-maximally entangled state. This observation implies that, from the perspective of quantum resource efficiency, non-maximally entangled multipartite states may outperform their maximal counterparts for quantum information tasks under gravitational effects. Therefore, preparing appropriately engineered non-maximally entangled multipartite states as initial resources provides a more practical and effective approach to quantum information processing in Schwarzschild spacetime.
© The Author(s) 2026
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