Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report

M. Benedikt; F. Zimmermann; B. Auchmann; W. Bartmann; J. P. Burnet; C. Carli; A. Chancé; P. Craievich; M. Giovannozzi; C. Grojean; J. Gutleber; K. Hanke; André Henriques; P. Janot; C. Lourenço; M. Mangano; T. Otto; J. Poole; S. Rajagopalan; T. Raubenheimer; E. Todesco; L. Ulrici; T. Watson; G. Wilkinson; P. Azzi; G. Bernardi; A. Blondel; M. Boscolo; D. d’Enterria; M. Dam; J. de Blas; B. Francois; A. Freitas; G. Ganis; J. Keintzel; M. Klute; M. McCullough; P. F. Monni; F. Palla; E. Perez; M.-A. Pleier; W. Riegler; F. Sefkow; M. Selvaggi; A. Abada; M. Abbrescia; H. Abdolmaleki; S. H. Abidi; A. Abramov; C. Adam; M. Ady; P. R. Adz̆ić; I. Agapov; D. Aguglia; I. Ahmed; M. Aiba; G. Aielli; T. Akan; N. Akchurin; D. Akturk; M. Al-Thakeel; G. L. Alberghi; J. Alcaraz Maestre; M. Aleksa; R. Aleksan; F. Alharthi; J. Alimena; A. Alimenti; S. Alioli; L. Alix; B. C. Allanach; L. Allwicher; A. A. Altintas; M. Altınlı; M. Alviggi; G. Ambrosio; Y. Amhis; A. Amiri; G. Ammirabile; T. Andeen; K. D. J. André; J. Andrea; A. Andreazza; M. Andreini; T. Andriollo; L. Angel; M. Angelucci; S. Antusch; M. N. Anwar; L. Apolinário; G. Apollinari; R. B. Appleby; A. Apresyan; Aram Apyan; Armen Apyan; A. Arbey; B. Argiento; V. Ari; S. Arias; B. Arias Alonso; O. Arnaez; R. Arnaldi; F. Arneodo; H. Arnold; P. Arrutia Sota; M. E. Ascioti; K. A. Assamagan; S. Aumiller; G. Aydın; K. Azizi; N. Bacchetta; A. Bacci; B. Bai; Y. Bai; L. Balconi; G. Baldinelli; B. Balhan; A. H. Ball; A. Ballarino; S. Banerjee; S. Banik; D. P. Barber; M. B. Barbero; D. Barducci; D. Barna; G. G. Barnaföldi; M. J. Barnes; A. J. Barr; R. Bartek; H. Bartosik; S. A. Bass; U. Bassler; M. J. Basso; A. Bastianin; P. Bataillard; M. Battistin; J. Bauche; L. Baudin; J. Baudot; B. Baudouy; L. Bauerdick; C. Bayındır; H. P. Beck; F. Bedeschi; C. Bee; M. Begel; M. Behtouei; L. Bellagamba; N. Bellegarde; E. Belli; E. Bellingeri; S. Belomestnykh; A. D. Benaglia; G. Bencivenni; J. Bendavid; M. Benmergui; M. Benoit; D. Benvenuti; T. Bergauer; N. Bernachot; J. Bernardi; Q. Berthet; S. Bertoni; C. Bertulani; M. I. Besana; A. Besson; M. Bettelini; S. Bettoni; S. Beuvier; P. C. Bhat; S. Bhattacharya; J. Bhom; M. E. Biagini; A. Bibet-Chevalier; M. Bicrel; M. Biglietti; G. M. Bilei; B. Bilki; K. Bisgaard Christensen; T. Biswas; F. Blanc; F. Blekman; J. Blümlein; D. Boccanfuso; A. Bogomyagkov; P. Boillon; P. Boivin; M. J. Boland; S. Bologna; O. Bolukbasi; R. Bonnet; J. Borburgh; F. Bordry; P. Borges de Sousa; G. Borghello; L. Borriello; D. Bortoletto; L. Bottura; G. Boudoul; V. Boudry; R. Boughezal; D. Bourilkov; M. Boyd; D. Boye; G. Bozzi; V. Braccini; C. Bracco; B. Bradu; A. Braghieri; S. Braibant; J. Bramante; G. C. Branco; R. Brenner; N. Brisa; D. Britzger; G. Broggi; L. Bromiley; E. Brost; Q. Bruant; R. Bruce; E. Bründermann; L. Brunetti; O. Brüning; O. Brunner; X. Buffat; E. Bulyak; A. Burdyko; H. Burkhardt; P. N. Burrows; S. Busatto; S. Buschaert; D. Buttazzo; A. Butterworth; D. Butti; G. Cacciapaglia; Y. Cai; B. Caiffi; V. Cairo; O. Cakir; P. Calafiura; R. Calaga; S. Calatroni; D. G. Caldwell; A. Çalışkan; C. Calpini; M. Calviani; E. Camacho-Pérez; P. Camarri; L. Caminada; M. Campajola; A. C. Canbay; K. Canderan; S. Candido; F. Canelli; A. Canepa; S. Cantarella; K. B. Cantún-Avila; L. Capriotti; A. Caram; A. Carbone; J. M. Carceller; G. Carini; F. Carlier; C. M. Carloni Calame; F. Carra; C. Cartannaz; S. Casenove; G. Catalano; V. Cavaliere; C. Cazzaniga; C. Cecchi; F. G. Celiberto; M. Cepeda; F. Cerutti; F. Cetorelli; G. Chachamis; Y. Chae; F. Chagnet; I. Chaikovska; M. Chalhoub; M. Chamizo-Llatas; M. Champagne; H. Chanal; G. Chapelier; P. Charitos; C. Charles; T. K. Charles; C. Charlot; S. Chatterjee; A. Chaudhuri; R. Chehab; S. V. Chekanov; H. Chen; T. Chesne; F. Chiapponi; G. Chiarello; M. Chiesa; P. Chiggiato; Ph. Chomaz; M. Chorowski; J. P. Chou; M. Chrzaszcz; W. Chung; S. Ciarlantini; A. Ciarma; D. Cieri; A. K. Ciftci; R. Ciftci; R.  Cimino; F. Cirotto; M. Ciuchini; M. Cobal; A. Coccaro; R. Coelho Lopes De Sa; J. A. Coleman-Smith; F. Collamati; C. Colldelram; P. Collier; P. Collins; J. Collot; M. Colmenero; L. Colnot; G. Coloretti; D. Contardo; E. Conte; F. A. Conventi; A. Cook; L. Cooley; A. S. Cornell; C. Cornella; G. Cornette; I. Corredoira; P. Costa Pinto; F. Couderc; J. Coupard; S. Coussy; G. Crawford; R. Crescenzi; I. Crespo Garrido; T. Critchley; A. Crivellin; T. Croci; C. Cudré; G. Cummings; F. Cuna; R. Cunningham; B. Curé; E. Curtis; M. D’Alfonso; L. D’Aloia Schwartzentruber; G. D’Amen; B. D’Anzi; A. D’Avanzo; A. D’Onofrio; M. D’Onofrio; M. Da Col; M. Da Rocha Rolo; C. Dachauer; B. Dağli; A. Dainese; B. Dalena; W. Dallapiazza; H. Damerau; V. Dao; A. Das; M. S. Daugaard; S. Dauphin; A. David; T. Davídek; G. J. Davies; J. Davighi; S. Dawson; A. de Cosa; S. De Curtis; N. De Filippis; E. De Lucia; R. De Maria; E. De Matteis; A. De Roeck; A. De Santis; A. De Vita; A. Deandrea; C. J. Debono; M. Deeb; M. M. Defranchis; J. Degens; S. Deghaye; V. Del Duca; C. L. Del Pio; A. Del Vecchio; D. Delikaris; A. Dell’Acqua; M. Della Pietra; M. Delmastro; L. Delprat; E. Delugas; Z. Demiragli; L. Deniau; D. Denisov; H. Denizli; A. Denner; A. Denot; G. Deptuch; A. Desai; H. Deveci; A. Di Canto; A. Di Ciaccio; L. Di Ciaccio; D. Di Croce; C. Di Fraia; B. Di Micco; R. Di Nardo; T. B. Dingley; F. Djama; F. Djurabekova; D. Dockery; S. Doebert; D. Domange; M. Donegà; U. Dosselli; H. A. Dostmann; J. A. Dragovich; I. Drebot; M. Drewes; T. A. du Pree; Z. Duan; C. Duarte-Galvan; O. Duboc; I. Dubovyk; M. Duda; P. Duda; H. Duran Yildiz; H. Durand; P. Durand; G. Durieux; Y. Dutheil; I. Dutta; J. S. Dutta; S. Dutta; F. Duval; F. Eder; M. Eisterer; Z. El Bitar; A. El Saied; M. Elisei; J. Ellis; W. Elmetenawee; J. Elmsheuser; V. Daniel Elvira; S. C. Eno; Y. Enomoto; B. A. Erdelyi; O. E. Eruteya; M. Escobar; O. Etisken; I. Eymard; J. Eysermans; D. Falchieri; C. Falkenberg; F. Fallavollita; A. Afalou; J. Faltova; J. Fanini; L. Fanò; K. Fanti; R. Farinelli; M. Farino; S. Farinon; H. Fatehi; J. Fatterbert; A. Faure; A. Faus-Golfe; G. Favia; L. Favilla; W. J. Fawcett; A. Federowicz; L. Feligioni; L. Felsberger; Y. Feng; A. Fernández Téllez; R. Ferrari; L. Ferreira; F. Ferro; M. Fiascaris; C. Fiorio; S. A. Fleury; L. Florez; M. Florio; A. Fondacci; B. Fontimpe; K. Foraz; R. Fortunati; M. Fouaidy; A. Foussat; A. Fowler; J. D.  Fox; M. Francesconi; R. Franqueira Ximenes; F. Fransesini; A. Frasca; J. A. Frost; K. Furukawa; A. Gabrielli; A. Gaddi; F. Gaede; A. Gallén; R. Galler; E. Gallice; E. Gallo; H. Gamper; S. Ganjour; S. Gao; A. Garand; C. Garaus; D. Garcia; R. García Alía; R. García Gil; C. M. Garcia Jaimes; H. Garcia Rodrigues; C. Garion; M. Garlaschè; D. Garnier; M. V. Garzelli; S. Gascon-Shotkin; M. Gasior; G. Gaudino; G. Gaudio; V. Gaur; K. Gautam; V. Gawas; T. Gehrmann; A. Gehrmann-De Ridder; K. Geiger; M. Genco; F. Gerigk; H. Gerwig; A. Ghribi; P. Giacomelli; S. Giagu; E. Gianfelice; S. Giappichini; D. Gibellieri; F. Giffoni; G. Gil da Silveira; S. S. Gilardoni; M. Giovannetti; T. Girardet; S. Girod; P. Giubellino; P. Giubilato; F. Giuli; M. Giuliani; E. L. Gkougkousis; S. Glukhov; J. Gluza; B. Goddard; C. Goffing; D. Goldsworthy; T. Golling; R. Gonçalo; V. P. Gonçalves; T. Gonçalves Da Silva; J. Gonski; R. Gonzalez Suarez; S. Gorgi Zadeh; S. Gori; E. Gorini; L. Gouskos; M. Gouzevitch; E. Granados; F. Grancagnolo; S. Grancagnolo; A. Grassellino; A. Grau; E. Graverini; F. G. Gravili; H. M. Gray; M. Grazzini; Mario Greco; Michela Greco; A. Greljo; J.-L. Grenard; A. V. Gritsan; R. Gröber; A. Grudiev; E. Gschwendtner; J. Gu; D. Guadagnoli; G. Guerrieri; A. Guiavarch; G. Guillermo Canton; M. Guinchard; Y. O. Günaydin; K. Gurcel; L. X. Gutierrez Guerrero; D. Gutiérrez Rueda; A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez; V. Guzey; C. Haber; T. Hacheney; B. Hacışahinoğlu; K. Hahn; J. Hajer; T. Hakulinen; J. C. Hammersley; M. Hance; J. B. Hansen; B. Härer; E. Hauzinger; M. Haviernik; B. Hegner; C. Helsens; Ana Henriques; C. Hernalsteens; H. Hernández-Arellano; R. J. Hernández-Pinto; M. A. Hernández-Ruíz; J. Hernández-Sánchez; J. W. Heron; L. M. Herrmann; R. Hirosky; J. F. Hirschauer; J. D. Hobbs; K. Hock; S. Höche; M. Hofer; G. Hoffstaetter; W. Höfle; M. Hohlmann; F. Holdener; B. Holzer; C. G. Honorato; H. Hoorani; A. Houver; E. Howling; X. Huang; F. Hug; B. Humann; P. Hunchak; Y. Husein; A. Hussain; G. Iadarola; G. Iakovidis; G. Iaselli; P. Iengo; A. Ilg; M. Iodice; A. O. M. Iorio; V. Ippolito; U. Iriso; J. Isaacson; G. Isidori; R. Islam; A. Istepanyan; S. Izquierdo Bermudez; V. Izzo; P. D. Jackson; R. Jafari; S. S. Jagabathuni; S. Jana; C. Järmyr Eriksson; P. Jausserand; M. Jensen; J. M. Jimenez; F. R. Joaquim; O. R. Jones; J. Joos; E. Jourd’huy; E. Jourdan; J. M. Jowett; A. Jueid; A. W. Jung; M. Kagan; I. Kahraman; V. Kain; J. Kalinowski; J. F. Kamenik; A. Kanso; T. Kar; S. O. Kara; H. Karadeniz; B. Karmakar; S. R. Karmarkar; V. Karpati; I. Karpov; M. Karppinen; P. Karst; S. Kartal; V. V. Kashikhin; U. Kaya; A. Kehagias; M. Kennouche; M. Kenzie; M. Kerréveur-Lavaud; R. Kersevan; V. Keus; H. Khanpour; V. V. Khoze; V. A. Khoze; P. Kicsiny; R. Kieffer; C. Kiel; J. Kieseler; A. Kilic; B. Kilminster; S. Kim; Z. Kırca; M. Klein; A. Klimentov; V. Klyukhin; M. Knecht; B. Kniehl; P. Ko; S. Ko; F. Kocak; T. Koffas; C. Kokkinos; K. Kołodziej; K. Kong; P. Kontaxakis; I. A. Koop; P. Kopciewicz; P. Koppenburg; M. Koratzinos; K. Kordas; A Korsun; O. Kortner; S. Kortner; B. Korzh; T. Koseki; J. Kosse; P. Kostka; S. Kostoglou; A. V. Kotwal; G. Kozlov; I. Kozsar; T. Kramer; P. Krkotić; H. Kroha; K. Kröninger; S. Kuday; G. Kuhlmann; O. Kuhlmann; M. Kuhn; A. Kulesza; M. Kumar; F. Kurian; A. Kurtulus; T. H. Kwok; S. La Mendola; M. Lackner; T. Ładziński; D. Lafarge; P.  Laïdouni; G. Lamanna; N. Lamas; G. Landsberg; C. Lange; D. J. Lange; A. Langner; A. J. Lankford; L. Lari; M. S. Larson; K. Lasocha; A. Latina; S. Lauciani; M. Laufenberg; G. Lavezzari; L. Lavezzi; L. Lavezzo; M. Le Garrec; A. Le Jeune; Ph. Lebrun; Y. Léchevin; A. Lechner; E. Lecointe; J. S. H. Lee; S. W. Lee; S. J. Lee; T. Lefevre; C. Leggett; T. Lehtinen; S. Leone; C. Leonidopoulos; S. Leontsinis; G. Leprince-Maillère; G. Lerner; O. Leroy; T. Lesiak; P. Levai; A. Leveratto; R. Levi; A. Li; S. Li; D. Liberati; G. L. Lichtenstein; M. Liepe; Z. Ligeti; H. Lin; S. Linda; E. Lipeles; Z. Liu; S. M. Liuzzo; T. Loeliger; A. Loeschcke Centeno; A. Lorenzetti; C. Lorin; R. Losito; M. Louka; M. L. Loureiro García; I. Low; K. Lubonis; M. T. Lucchini; V. Lukashenko; G. Luminati; A. J. G. Lunt; A. Lusiani; M. Luzum; H. Ma; A. Maas; E. Macchia; A. Macchiolo; G. E. Machinet; R. Madar; T. Madlener; C. Madrid; A. Magalotti; M. Maggiora; A.-M. Magnan; M. A. Mahmoud; Y. Mahmoud; F. Mahmoudi; H. Mainaud Durand; J. Maitre; Y. Makhloufi; B. Malaescu; A. Malagoli; C. H. Malan; M. Malekhosseini; A. Maloizel; S. Malvezzi; A. Malzac; G. Manco; L. S. Mandacarú Guerra; P. Manfrinetti; E. Manoni; J. Mans; L. Mantani; S. Manzoni; L. Marafatto; C. Marcel; T. Marcel; R. Marchevski; G. Marchiori; F. Mariani; V. Mariani; S. Marin; C. Marinas; V. Marinozzi; S. Mariotto; C. Marquis; J. Martelain; G. Martelli; A. Martens; I. Martin-Melero; V. I. Martinez Outschoorn; F. Martinez; C. M. Jardim; L. Marzola; S. Masciocchi; A. Mashal; A. Masi; I. Masina; P. Mastrapasqua; V. Mateu; S. Mattiazzo; M. Maugis; V. Maura; D. Mauree; G. H. I. Maury-Cuna; A. Mayoux; E. Mazzeo; S. Mazzoni; M. Meena; E. Meftah; Andrew Mehta; Ankita Mehta; B. Mele; R. Mena-Andrade; M. Mentink; D. Mergelkuhl; V. Mertinger; L. Mether; S. Meylan; T. Michel; T. Michlmayr; M. Migliorati; A. Milanese; C. Milardi; G. Milhano; M. Minty; C. Mirabelli; T. Miralles; L. Miralles Verge; D. Mirarchi; K. Mirbaghestan; N. Mirian; V. A. Mitsou; D. S. Mitzel; M. Mlynarikova; S. Möbius; M. Mohammadi Najafabadi; G. B. Mohanty; R. N. Mohapatra; S. Moneta; E. Monnier; S. Monteil; I. León Monzón; F. Moortgat; N. Morange; M. Moretti; S. Moretti; T. Mori; I. Morozov; A. Morozzi; M. Morrone; A. Moscariello; F. Moscatelli; I. Moulin; N. Mounet; A. Mueller; A.-S. Müller; B. O. Müller; J. Mundet; E. Musa; V. Musat; R. Musenich; E. Musumeci; M. Mylona; V. V. Mytrochenko; B. Nachman; S. Nagaitsev; T. Nakamoto; M. Napsuciale; M. Nardecchia; G. Nardini; G. Narváez-Arango; S. Naseem; A. Natochii; A. Navascues Cornago; B. Naydenov; G. Nergiz; A. V. Nesterenko; C. Neubüser; H. B. Newman; F. Niccoli; O. Nicrosini; U. Niedermayer; G. Niehues; J. Nielsen; G. Nigrelli; S. Nikitin; I. B. Nikolaev; A. Nisati; N. Nitika; J. M. No; M. Nonis; Y. Nosochkov; A. Novokhatski; J. M. O’Callaghan; S. A. Ochoa-Oregon; K. Ohmi; K. Oide; V. A. Okorokov; C. Oleari; D. Oliveira Damazio; Y. Onel; A. Onofre; P. Osland; Y. M. Oviedo-Torres; A. Ozansoy; F. Ozaydin; K. Ozdemir; A. Ozturk; M. A. Pérez de León; S. Pacetti; H. Pacey; J. Paciello; C. E. Pagliarone; A. Paillex; H. F. Pais da Silva; A. Pampaloni; C. Pancotti; M. Pandurović; O. Panella; G. Panizzo; C. Pantouvakis; L. Panwar; P. Paolucci; Y. Papa; A. Papaefstathiou; Y. Papaphilippou; A. Paramonov; A. Pareti; B. Parker; V. Parma; F. Parodi; M. Parodi; B. Paroli; J. A. Parsons; D. Passarelli; D. Passeri; B. Pattnaik; A. Patwa; C. Paus; F. Pauss; F. Peauger; I. Pedraza; R. Pedro; J. Pekkanen; G. Peon; A. Perez; F. Pérez; J. C. Perez; J. M. Pérez; R. Perez-Ramos; G. Pérez Segurana; A. Perillo Marcone; S. Perna; K. Peters; S. Petracca; A. R. Petri; F. Petriello; A. Petrovic; L. Pezzotti; G. Piacquadio; G. Piazza; A. Piccini; F. Piccinini; A. Pich; T. Pieloni; J. Pierlot; A. D. Pilkington; M. Pillet; M. Pinamonti; N. Pinto; L. Pintucci; F. Pinzauti; K. Piotrzkowski; C. Pira; M. Pitt; R. Pittau; S. Pittet; P. Placidi; W. Płaczek; S. Plätzer; E. Ploerer; H. Podlech; F. Poirier; G. Polesello; M. Poli Lener; J. Polinski; Z. Polonsky; N. Pompeo; M. Pont; G. Alexandru-Popeneciu; W. Porod; L. Porta; L. Portales; T. Portaluri; M. A. C. Potenza; C. Prasse; E. Premat; M. Presilla; S. Prestemon; A. Price; M. Primavera; R. Principe; M. Prioli; F. M. Procacci; E. Proserpio; A. Provino; C. Pueyo; T. Puig; N. Pukhaeva; S. Pulawski; G. Punzi; A. Pyarelal; J. Qian; H. Quack; F. S. Queiroz; G. Quintas-Neves; H. Rafique; J.-Y. Raguin; J. Raidal; M. Raidal; P. Raimondi; A. Rajabi; S. Ramírez-Uribe; S. Randles; T. Rao; C. Ø. Rasmussen; A. Ratkus; P. N. Ratoff; P. Razis; P. Rebello Teles; M. N. Rebelo; M. Reboud; S. Redaelli; C. Regazzoni; L. Reichenbach; M. Reissig; E. Renou; A. Rentería-Olivo; J. Reuter; S. Rey; A. Ribon; D. Ricci; M. Rignanese; S. Rimjaem; R. A. Rimmer; R. Rinaldesi; L. Rinolfi; O. Rios; G. Ripellino; B. Rivas; A. Rivetti; T. Robens; F. Robert; E. Robutti; C. Roderick; G. Rodrigo; M. Rodríguez-Cahuantzi; L. Röhrig; M. Roig; F. Rojat; J. Rojo; J. Roloff; P. Roloff; A. Romanenko; A. Romero Francia; H. Romeyer; N. Rompotis; N. Rongieras; G. Rosaz; K. Roslon; M. Rossetti Conti; A. Rossi; E. Rossi; L. Rossi; A. N. Rossia; S. Rostami; G. Roy; B. Rubik; I. Ruehl; A. Ruiz-Jimeno; R. Ruprecht; J. P. Rutherfoord; L. Rygaard; M. S. Ryu; L. Sabato; G. Sadowski; D. Saez de Jauregui; M. Sahin; A. Sailer; M. Saito; P. Saiz; G. P. Salam; R. Salerno; T. Salmi; B. Salvachua; J. P. T. Salvesen; B. Salvi; D. Sampsonidis; Y. Villamizar; C. Sandoval; S. Sanfilippo; E.  Santopinto; R. Santoro; X. Sarasola; L. Sarperi; I. H. Sarpün; S. Sasikumar; M. Sauvain; A. Savoy-Navarro; R. Sawada; G. Sborlini; J. Scamardella; M. Schaer; M. Schaumann; M. Schenk; C. Scheuerlein; C. Schiavi; A. Schloegelhofer; D. Schoerling; A. Schöning; S. Schramm; D. Schulte; P. Schwaller; A. Schwartzman; Ph. Schwemling; R. Schwienhorst; A. Sciandra; L. Scibile; I. Scimemi; E. Scomparin; C. Sebastiani; B. Seeber; J. T. Seeman; M. Seidel; S. Seidel; J. Seixas; N. Selimović; C. Senatore; A. Senol; N. Serra; A. Seryi; A. Sfyrla; Pramond Sharma; Punit Sharma; C. J. Sharp; L. Shchutska; V. Shiltsev; M. Siano; R. Sierra; E. Silva; R. C. Silva; L. Silvestrini; F. Simon; G. Simonetti; R. Simoniello; B. K. Singh; S. Singh; B. Singhal; A. Siodmok; Y. Sirois; E. Sirtori; B. Sitar; D. Sittard; E. Sitti; T. Sjöstrand; P. Skands; L. Skinnari; K. Skoufaris; K. Skovpen; M. Skrzypek; P. Slavich; V.  Slokenbergs; V. Smaluk; J. Smiesko; S. S. Snyder; E. Solano; P. Sollander; O. V. Solovyanov; M. Son; F. Sonnemann; R. Soos; F. Sopkova; T. Sorais; M. Sorbi; S. Sorti; R. Soualah; M. Souayah; L. Spallino; S. Spanier; P. Spiller; M. Spira; D. Stagnara; M. Stallmann; D. Standen; J. L. Stanyard; B. Stapf; G. H. Stark; M. Statera; C. Staudinger; B. A. Stefanek; G. Streicher; N. P. Strohmaier; R. Stroynowski; S. Stucci; G. Stupakov; S. Su; A. Sublet; K. Sugita; M. K. Sullivan; S. Sultansoy; D. Sutherland; I. Syratchev; R. Szafron; A. Sznajder; W. Tachon; N. D. Tagdulang; N. A. Tahir; Y. Takahashi; J. Tamazirt; S. Tang; Y. Tanimoto; I. Tapan; G. F. Tassielli; A. M. Teixeira; V. I. Telnov; H. H. J. Ten Kate; V. Teotia; J. ter Hoeve; A. Thabuis; G. T. Telles; A. Tishelman-Charny; S. Tissandier; S. Tizchang; J.-P. Tock; B. Todd; L. Toffolin; A. Tolosa-Delgado; R. Tomás García; T. Tomasini; G. Tonelli; T. Tong; F. Toral; T. Torims; L. Torino; K. Torokhtii; R. Torre; E. Torrence; R. Torres; T. Mitsuhashi; A. Tracogna; O. Traver; D. Treille; A. Tricoli; P. Trubacova; E. Tsesmelis; G. Tsipolitis; V. Tsulaia; B. Tuchming; C. G. Tully; I. Turk Cakir; C. Turrioni; J. Tynan; F. P. Ucci; S. Udongwo; C. S. Ün; A. Unnervik; A. Upegui; J. P. Uribe-Ramírez; J. Uythoven; R. Vaglio; F. Valchkova-Georgieva; P. Valente; R. U. Valente; A.-M. Valente-Feliciano; G. Valentino; C. A. Valerio-Lizarraga; S. Valette; J. W. F. Valle; L. Valle; N. Valle; N. Vallis; G. Vallone; P. van Gemmeren; W. Van Goethem; P. van Hees; U. van Rienen; L. van Riesen-Haupt; P. Van Trappen; M. Vande Voorde; A. L. Vanel; E. W. Varnes; J.-L. Vay; F. Veit; I. Veliscek; R. Veness; A. Ventura; S. Verdú-Andrés; M. Verducci; C. B. Verhaaren; C. Vernieri; A. P. Verweij; J.-F. Vian; A. Vicini; N. Vignaroli; S. Vignetti; M. C. Villeneuve; I. Vivarelli; E. Voevodina; D. M. Vogt; B. Voirin; S. Voiriot; J. Voiron; P. Vojtyla; V. Völkl; L. von Freeden; Z. Vostrel; N. Voumard; E. Vryonidou; V. Vysotsky; R. Wallny; L.-T. Wang; Y. Wang; R. Wanzenberg; B. F. L. Ward; N. Wardle; Z. Wa̧s; L. Watrelot; A. T. Watson; M. F. Watson; M. S. Weber; C. P. Welsch; M. Wendt; J. Wenninger; B. Weyer; G. White; S. White; B. Wicki; M. Widorski; U. A. Wiedemann; A. R. Wiederhold; A. Wiedl; H.-U. Wienands; A. Wieser; C. Wiesner; H. Wilkens; D. Willi; P. H. Williams; S. L. Williams; A. Winter; R. B. Wittwer; D. Wollmann; Y. Wu; Z. Wu; J. Xiao; K. Xie; S. Xie; M. Yalvac; F. Yaman; W.-M. Yao; M. Yeresko; A. Yilmaz; H. D. Yoo; T. You; F. Yu; S. S. Yu; T.-T. Yu; S. Yue; A. Zaborowska; M. Zahnd; C. Zamantzas; G. Zanderighi; C. Zannini; R. Zanzottera; P. Zaro; R. Zennaro; M. Zerlauth; H. Zhang; J. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Z. Zhang; Y. Zhao; Y.-M. Zhong; B. Zhou; D. Zhou; J. Zhu; G. Zick; M. A. Zielinski; E. Zimmermann; A. Zingaretti; J. Zinn-Justin; A. V. Zlobin; M. Zobov; F. Zomer; S. Zorzetti; X. Zuo; J. Zurita; V. V. Zutshi; M. Zykova

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-15077-x

2024 Impact factor 4.8

Particles and Fields

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 1468
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-15077-x

Review

Volume 1 Physics, Experiments, Detectors

M. Benedikt¹, F. Zimmermann¹, B. Auchmann¹^,2, W. Bartmann¹, J. P. Burnet¹, C. Carli¹, A. Chancé³, P. Craievich², M. Giovannozzi¹, C. Grojean⁴^,5, J. Gutleber¹, K. Hanke¹, André Henriques¹, P. Janot¹, C. Lourenço¹, M. Mangano¹, T. Otto¹, J. Poole¹, S. Rajagopalan⁶, T. Raubenheimer⁷, E. Todesco¹, L. Ulrici¹, T. Watson¹, G. Wilkinson¹^,8, P. Azzi⁹, G. Bernardi¹⁰^,11^,12, A. Blondel¹⁰^,13^,14, M. Boscolo¹⁵, D. d’Enterria¹, M. Dam¹⁶, J. de Blas¹⁷, B. Francois¹, A. Freitas¹⁸, G. Ganis¹, J. Keintzel¹, M. Klute¹⁹, M. McCullough¹, P. F. Monni¹, F. Palla²⁰, E. Perez¹, M.-A. Pleier⁶, W. Riegler¹, F. Sefkow⁴, M. Selvaggi¹, A. Abada¹⁰^,21^,22, M. Abbrescia²³^,24, H. Abdolmaleki²⁵^,26, S. H. Abidi⁶, A. Abramov¹, C. Adam¹⁰^,27^,28, M. Ady¹, P. R. Adz̆ić²⁹, I. Agapov⁴, D. Aguglia¹, I. Ahmed³⁰, M. Aiba², G. Aielli³¹^,32, T. Akan³³, N. Akchurin³⁴, D. Akturk³⁵, M. Al-Thakeel¹^,36^,37, G. L. Alberghi³⁶, J. Alcaraz Maestre³⁸, M. Aleksa¹, R. Aleksan³, F. Alharthi¹⁰^,21^,39, J. Alimena⁴, A. Alimenti⁴⁰, S. Alioli⁴¹^,42, L. Alix¹^,10^,27, B. C. Allanach⁴³, L. Allwicher⁴, A. A. Altintas⁴⁴, M. Altınlı⁴⁴^,45, M. Alviggi⁴⁶^,47, G. Ambrosio⁴⁸, Y. Amhis¹⁰^,21^,22, A. Amiri⁴⁹^,50, G. Ammirabile²⁰, T. Andeen⁵¹, K. D. J. André¹, J. Andrea¹⁰^,52^,53, A. Andreazza⁵⁴^,55, M. Andreini¹, T. Andriollo⁵⁶, L. Angel⁵⁷, M. Angelucci¹⁵, S. Antusch⁵⁸, M. N. Anwar²³^,59, L. Apolinário⁶⁰, G. Apollinari⁴⁸, R. B. Appleby⁶¹^,62, A. Apresyan⁴⁸, Aram Apyan⁶³, Armen Apyan⁶⁴, A. Arbey¹⁰^,65^,66, B. Argiento⁴⁶^,47, V. Ari⁶⁷, S. Arias⁶⁸, B. Arias Alonso¹, O. Arnaez¹⁰^,27^,28, R. Arnaldi⁶⁹, F. Arneodo⁷⁰, H. Arnold⁷¹, P. Arrutia Sota¹, M. E. Ascioti⁷²^,73, K. A. Assamagan⁶, S. Aumiller⁷⁴, G. Aydın⁷⁵, K. Azizi⁴⁹^,76, N. Bacchetta⁹, A. Bacci⁵⁴, B. Bai⁷⁷, Y. Bai⁷⁸, L. Balconi⁵⁴^,55, G. Baldinelli⁷²^,73, B. Balhan¹, A. H. Ball¹^,79, A. Ballarino¹, S. Banerjee⁸⁰, S. Banik²^,81, D. P. Barber⁴^,82, M. B. Barbero¹⁰^,83^,84, D. Barducci²⁰^,85, D. Barna⁸⁶, G. G. Barnaföldi⁸⁶, M. J. Barnes¹, A. J. Barr⁸, R. Bartek⁸⁷, H. Bartosik¹, S. A. Bass⁸⁸, U. Bassler¹⁰^,89^,90, M. J. Basso⁹¹^,92, A. Bastianin⁵⁵^,93, P. Bataillard⁹⁴, M. Battistin¹, J. Bauche¹, L. Baudin¹, J. Baudot¹⁰^,52^,53, B. Baudouy³, L. Bauerdick⁴⁸, C. Bayındır⁹⁵^,96, H. P. Beck⁹⁷, F. Bedeschi²⁰, C. Bee⁷¹, M. Begel⁶, M. Behtouei¹⁵, L. Bellagamba³⁶, N. Bellegarde¹, E. Belli¹^,98, E. Bellingeri⁹⁹, S. Belomestnykh⁴⁸, A. D. Benaglia⁴¹, G. Bencivenni¹⁵, J. Bendavid¹, M. Benmergui¹⁰⁰, M. Benoit¹⁰¹, D. Benvenuti¹^,20, T. Bergauer¹⁰², N. Bernachot¹⁰³, J. Bernardi¹⁰⁴, Q. Berthet¹⁴^,105^,106, S. Bertoni¹⁰⁷, C. Bertulani¹⁰⁸, M. I. Besana², A. Besson¹⁰^,52^,53, M. Bettelini¹⁰⁹, S. Bettoni², S. Beuvier¹¹⁰, P. C. Bhat⁴⁸, S. Bhattacharya¹¹¹, J. Bhom¹¹², M. E. Biagini¹⁵, A. Bibet-Chevalier¹¹³, M. Bicrel¹¹⁴, M. Biglietti¹¹⁵, G. M. Bilei⁷², B. Bilki¹¹⁶^,117, K. Bisgaard Christensen¹, T. Biswas¹¹⁸, F. Blanc¹¹⁹, F. Blekman⁴^,120^,121, J. Blümlein⁴, D. Boccanfuso⁴⁶^,122, A. Bogomyagkov¹²³, P. Boillon¹¹³, P. Boivin¹⁰⁶, M. J. Boland¹²⁴, S. Bologna¹²⁵, O. Bolukbasi⁴⁴, R. Bonnet¹⁰⁷, J. Borburgh¹, F. Bordry¹, P. Borges de Sousa¹, G. Borghello¹, L. Borriello⁴⁶, D. Bortoletto⁸, L. Bottura¹, G. Boudoul¹⁰^,65^,66, V. Boudry¹⁰^,89^,90, R. Boughezal¹²⁶, D. Bourilkov¹²⁷, M. Boyd⁹¹^,128, D. Boye⁶, G. Bozzi¹²⁹^,130, V. Braccini⁹⁹, C. Bracco¹, B. Bradu¹, A. Braghieri¹³¹, S. Braibant³⁶^,37, J. Bramante¹³², G. C. Branco¹³³, R. Brenner¹³⁴, N. Brisa¹⁰⁷, D. Britzger¹³⁵, G. Broggi¹^,98, L. Bromiley¹, E. Brost⁶, Q. Bruant³, R. Bruce¹, E. Bründermann¹⁹, L. Brunetti¹⁰^,27^,28, O. Brüning¹, O. Brunner¹, X. Buffat¹, E. Bulyak¹³⁶, A. Burdyko⁵⁴^,137, H. Burkhardt¹^,138, P. N. Burrows¹³⁹, S. Busatto⁵⁴^,98, S. Buschaert⁹⁴, D. Buttazzo²⁰, A. Butterworth¹, D. Butti¹, G. Cacciapaglia¹⁴⁰^,141^,142, Y. Cai⁷, B. Caiffi¹⁴³, V. Cairo¹, O. Cakir⁶⁷, P. Calafiura¹⁴⁴, R. Calaga¹, S. Calatroni¹, D. G. Caldwell¹⁴⁵, A. Çalışkan¹⁴⁶, C. Calpini¹⁴⁷, M. Calviani¹, E. Camacho-Pérez¹⁴⁸, P. Camarri³¹^,32, L. Caminada²^,81, M. Campajola⁴⁶^,47, A. C. Canbay⁶⁷, K. Canderan¹, S. Candido¹, F. Canelli⁸¹, A. Canepa⁴⁸, S. Cantarella¹⁵, K. B. Cantún-Avila¹⁴⁸, L. Capriotti¹⁴⁹^,150, A. Caram¹⁵¹, A. Carbone⁵⁴, J. M. Carceller¹, G. Carini⁶, F. Carlier¹, C. M. Carloni Calame¹³¹, F. Carra¹, C. Cartannaz⁹⁴, S. Casenove¹, G. Catalano¹⁵², V. Cavaliere⁶, C. Cazzaniga¹⁵³, C. Cecchi⁷²^,73, F. G. Celiberto¹⁵⁴, M. Cepeda³⁸, F. Cerutti¹, F. Cetorelli⁴¹^,42, G. Chachamis⁶⁰, Y. Chae⁴, F. Chagnet¹⁵⁵, I. Chaikovska¹⁰^,21^,22, M. Chalhoub⁹⁴, M. Chamizo-Llatas⁶, M. Champagne¹⁵⁶, H. Chanal¹⁰^,157^,158, G. Chapelier¹¹³, P. Charitos¹, C. Charles¹¹⁰, T. K. Charles¹⁵⁹, C. Charlot¹⁰^,89^,90, S. Chatterjee⁴, A. Chaudhuri¹⁶⁰, R. Chehab¹⁰^,21^,22, S. V. Chekanov¹⁶¹, H. Chen⁶, T. Chesne¹¹⁰, F. Chiapponi³⁶^,37, G. Chiarello¹⁶²^,163, M. Chiesa¹³¹, P. Chiggiato¹, Ph. Chomaz³, M. Chorowski¹⁶⁴, J. P. Chou¹⁶⁵, M. Chrzaszcz¹¹², W. Chung¹⁶⁶, S. Ciarlantini⁹^,167, A. Ciarma¹⁵, D. Cieri¹³⁵, A. K. Ciftci¹⁶⁸, R. Ciftci¹⁶⁹, R. Cimino¹⁵, F. Cirotto⁴⁶^,47, M. Ciuchini¹¹⁵, M. Cobal¹⁷⁰^,171, A. Coccaro¹⁴³, R. Coelho Lopes De Sa¹⁷², J. A. Coleman-Smith¹, F. Collamati¹⁷³, C. Colldelram¹⁷⁴, P. Collier¹, P. Collins¹, J. Collot¹⁰^,175^,176, M. Colmenero¹, L. Colnot¹⁵², G. Coloretti⁸¹, D. Contardo¹⁰^,65^,66, E. Conte¹⁰^,52^,53, F. A. Conventi⁴⁶^,177, A. Cook¹, L. Cooley¹⁷⁸^,179, A. S. Cornell¹⁸⁰, C. Cornella¹, G. Cornette¹¹⁰, I. Corredoira¹⁸¹, P. Costa Pinto¹, F. Couderc³, J. Coupard¹, S. Coussy⁹⁴, G. Crawford¹⁸², R. Crescenzi¹⁸³, I. Crespo Garrido¹^,184, T. Critchley¹^,14, A. Crivellin⁸¹, T. Croci⁷², C. Cudré¹¹⁰, G. Cummings⁴⁸, F. Cuna²³, R. Cunningham¹, B. Curé¹, E. Curtis¹⁸⁵, M. D’Alfonso¹⁸⁶, L. D’Aloia Schwartzentruber¹⁸⁷, G. D’Amen⁶, B. D’Anzi²³^,24, A. D’Avanzo⁴⁶^,47, A. D’Onofrio⁴⁶, M. D’Onofrio¹⁸⁸, M. Da Col¹⁵², M. Da Rocha Rolo⁶⁹, C. Dachauer¹⁸⁹, B. Dağli³⁵, A. Dainese⁹, B. Dalena³, W. Dallapiazza¹⁹⁰, H. Damerau¹, V. Dao⁷¹, A. Das¹⁹¹, M. S. Daugaard¹, S. Dauphin¹¹³, A. David¹, T. Davídek¹⁹², G. J. Davies¹⁸⁵, J. Davighi¹, S. Dawson⁶, A. de Cosa¹⁵³, S. De Curtis¹⁹³, N. De Filippis²³^,59, E. De Lucia¹⁵, R. De Maria¹, E. De Matteis⁵⁴, A. De Roeck¹, A. De Santis¹⁵, A. De Vita¹^,9^,167, A. Deandrea¹⁰^,65^,66, C. J. Debono¹⁹⁴, M. Deeb¹⁰⁶, M. M. Defranchis¹, J. Degens¹⁸⁸, S. Deghaye¹, V. Del Duca¹⁵, C. L. Del Pio⁶, A. Del Vecchio⁹⁸, D. Delikaris¹, A. Dell’Acqua¹, M. Della Pietra⁴⁶^,47, M. Delmastro¹⁰^,27^,28, L. Delprat¹, E. Delugas¹⁵², Z. Demiragli¹⁹⁵, L. Deniau¹, D. Denisov⁶, H. Denizli¹⁹⁶, A. Denner¹⁹⁷, A. Denot¹¹³, G. Deptuch⁶, A. Desai¹⁹⁸, H. Deveci¹, A. Di Canto⁶, A. Di Ciaccio³¹^,32, L. Di Ciaccio¹⁰^,27^,28, D. Di Croce¹^,119, C. Di Fraia⁴⁶^,47, B. Di Micco⁴⁰^,115, R. Di Nardo⁴⁰^,115, T. B. Dingley⁸, F. Djama¹⁰^,83^,84, F. Djurabekova¹⁹⁹, D. Dockery⁴⁸, S. Doebert¹, D. Domange¹^,200, M. Donegà¹⁵³, U. Dosselli⁹, H. A. Dostmann¹^,201, J. A. Dragovich⁴⁸, I. Drebot⁵⁴, M. Drewes²⁰², T. A. du Pree²⁰³, Z. Duan²⁰⁴, C. Duarte-Galvan²⁰⁵, O. Duboc²⁰⁶, I. Dubovyk²⁰⁷, M. Duda², P. Duda¹⁶⁴, H. Duran Yildiz⁶⁷, H. Durand¹¹⁰, P. Durand¹¹⁰, G. Durieux²⁰², Y. Dutheil¹, I. Dutta⁴⁸, J. S. Dutta²⁰⁸, S. Dutta²⁰⁹, F. Duval¹, F. Eder¹, M. Eisterer¹⁰⁴, Z. El Bitar¹⁰^,52^,53, A. El Saied²¹⁰, M. Elisei⁵⁴, J. Ellis¹^,211, W. Elmetenawee²³, J. Elmsheuser⁶, V. Daniel Elvira⁴⁸, S. C. Eno²¹², Y. Enomoto²¹³, B. A. Erdelyi⁹^,167, O. E. Eruteya¹⁴^,214, M. Escobar²¹⁵, O. Etisken²¹⁶, I. Eymard¹⁴⁷, J. Eysermans¹⁸⁶, D. Falchieri³⁶, C. Falkenberg²⁰⁶, F. Fallavollita¹^,135, A. Afalou¹^,10^,21, J. Faltova¹⁹², J. Fanini¹, L. Fanò⁷²^,73, K. Fanti¹¹⁰, R. Farinelli³⁶, M. Farino¹⁶⁶, S. Farinon¹⁴³, H. Fatehi⁴⁹, J. Fatterbert¹¹⁰, A. Faure²¹⁷, A. Faus-Golfe¹⁰^,21^,22, G. Favia¹, L. Favilla⁴⁶^,122, W. J. Fawcett⁴³, A. Federowicz⁴⁸, L. Feligioni¹⁰^,83^,84, L. Felsberger¹, Y. Feng³⁴, A. Fernández Téllez²¹⁸, R. Ferrari¹³¹, L. Ferreira¹, F. Ferro¹⁴³, M. Fiascaris¹, C. Fiorio⁵⁵, S. A. Fleury¹, L. Florez¹⁹⁰, M. Florio⁵⁵^,152, A. Fondacci⁷², B. Fontimpe²¹⁵, K. Foraz¹, R. Fortunati², M. Fouaidy¹⁰^,21^,22, A. Foussat¹, A. Fowler¹, J. D. Fox²¹⁹, M. Francesconi⁴⁶, R. Franqueira Ximenes¹, F. Fransesini¹⁵, A. Frasca¹^,188, J. A. Frost⁸, K. Furukawa²¹³, A. Gabrielli³⁶^,37, A. Gaddi¹, F. Gaede⁴, A. Gallén¹³⁴, R. Galler²²⁰^,221, E. Gallice¹¹⁰, E. Gallo⁴^,120, H. Gamper¹, S. Ganjour³, S. Gao⁶, A. Garand¹⁵¹, C. Garaus²⁰⁶, D. Garcia¹, R. García Alía¹, R. García Gil²²², C. M. Garcia Jaimes¹^,119, H. Garcia Rodrigues²^,223, C. Garion¹, M. Garlaschè¹, D. Garnier¹⁵⁵, M. V. Garzelli¹²⁰, S. Gascon-Shotkin¹⁰^,65^,66, M. Gasior¹, G. Gaudino⁴⁶^,122, G. Gaudio¹³¹, V. Gaur²²⁴, K. Gautam⁸¹^,121, V. Gawas¹, T. Gehrmann⁸¹, A. Gehrmann-De Ridder⁸¹^,153, K. Geiger¹, M. Genco¹⁵², F. Gerigk¹, H. Gerwig¹, A. Ghribi¹^,10^,225, P. Giacomelli³⁶, S. Giagu⁹⁸^,173, E. Gianfelice⁴⁸, S. Giappichini¹⁹, D. Gibellieri¹^,226, F. Giffoni¹⁵², G. Gil da Silveira²²⁷, S. S. Gilardoni¹, M. Giovannetti¹⁵, T. Girardet¹¹⁰, S. Girod¹^,110, P. Giubellino⁶⁹, P. Giubilato⁹^,167, F. Giuli³¹^,32, M. Giuliani¹⁰⁷, E. L. Gkougkousis¹^,81, S. Glukhov²²⁸, J. Gluza²⁰⁷, B. Goddard¹, C. Goffing¹^,19, D. Goldsworthy¹, T. Golling¹⁴, R. Gonçalo⁶⁰^,229, V. P. Gonçalves⁵⁷^,230, T. Gonçalves Da Silva²¹⁵, J. Gonski⁷, R. Gonzalez Suarez¹³⁴, S. Gorgi Zadeh¹, S. Gori²³¹, E. Gorini¹⁶²^,232, L. Gouskos²³³, M. Gouzevitch¹⁰^,65^,66, E. Granados¹, F. Grancagnolo¹⁶², S. Grancagnolo¹⁶²^,232, A. Grassellino⁴⁸, A. Grau¹⁹, E. Graverini²⁰^,85^,119, F. G. Gravili¹⁶²^,232, H. M. Gray¹⁴⁴^,234, M. Grazzini⁸¹, Mario Greco⁴⁰^,115, Michela Greco⁶⁹^,235, A. Greljo⁵⁸, J.-L. Grenard¹, A. V. Gritsan²³⁶, R. Gröber⁹^,167, A. Grudiev¹, E. Gschwendtner¹, J. Gu²³⁷, D. Guadagnoli²⁸^,140^,238, G. Guerrieri¹, A. Guiavarch²¹⁰, G. Guillermo Canton¹^,239, M. Guinchard¹, Y. O. Günaydin²⁴⁰, K. Gurcel¹⁰⁰, L. X. Gutierrez Guerrero²⁴¹^,242, D. Gutiérrez Rueda¹, A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez²⁴³, V. Guzey¹⁹⁹^,244, C. Haber¹⁴⁴, T. Hacheney²⁴⁵, B. Hacışahinoğlu⁴⁴, K. Hahn¹²⁶, J. Hajer¹³³, T. Hakulinen¹, J. C. Hammersley²⁴⁶, M. Hance²³¹, J. B. Hansen¹⁶, B. Härer¹⁹, E. Hauzinger²²⁰, M. Haviernik¹⁹², B. Hegner¹, C. 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Sadowski¹⁰^,52^,53, D. Saez de Jauregui¹⁹^,378, M. Sahin³⁷⁹, A. Sailer¹, M. Saito³⁸⁰, P. Saiz¹, G. P. Salam³⁸¹^,382, R. Salerno¹⁰^,89^,90, T. Salmi²⁹⁸, B. Salvachua¹, J. P. T. Salvesen¹^,8^,139, B. Salvi³⁰⁰, D. Sampsonidis²⁸⁵, Y. Villamizar¹⁴⁰^,141^,142, C. Sandoval³³², S. Sanfilippo², E. Santopinto¹⁴³, R. Santoro⁵⁴^,137, X. Sarasola¹¹⁹, L. Sarperi²⁸⁸, I. H. Sarpün³⁸³, S. Sasikumar¹, M. Sauvain³⁸⁴, A. Savoy-Navarro³^,10, R. Sawada³⁸⁰, G. Sborlini³⁸⁵, J. Scamardella⁴⁶^,47, M. Schaer², M. Schaumann¹^,4, M. Schenk¹, C. Scheuerlein¹, C. Schiavi¹⁴³^,318, A. Schloegelhofer¹, D. Schoerling¹, A. Schöning²⁶⁵, S. Schramm¹⁴, D. Schulte¹, P. Schwaller²⁵²^,386, A. Schwartzman⁷, Ph. Schwemling³, R. Schwienhorst³⁸⁷, A. Sciandra⁶, L. Scibile¹, I. Scimemi³⁸⁸, E. Scomparin⁶⁹, C. Sebastiani¹, B. Seeber³⁸⁹, J. T. Seeman⁷, M. Seidel²^,119, S. Seidel⁸², J. Seixas³⁴⁰^,390^,391, N. Selimović⁹, C. Senatore¹⁴, A. Senol¹⁹⁶, N. Serra⁸¹, A. Seryi³⁷⁰, A. Sfyrla¹⁴, Pramond Sharma³⁹², Punit Sharma⁶, C. J. Sharp¹, L. Shchutska¹¹⁹, V. Shiltsev³⁹³, M. Siano⁵⁴^,55, R. Sierra¹, E. Silva⁴⁰, R. C. Silva⁵⁷^,344, L. Silvestrini¹⁷³, F. Simon¹⁹, G. Simonetti¹, R. Simoniello¹, B. K. Singh³⁹⁴, S. Singh⁶, B. Singhal⁸⁷, A. Siodmok¹^,356, Y. Sirois¹⁰^,89^,90, E. Sirtori¹⁵², B. Sitar³⁹⁵, D. Sittard¹, E. Sitti¹⁵³, T. Sjöstrand⁶⁸, P. Skands³⁹⁶, L. Skinnari²⁹³, K. Skoufaris¹, K. Skovpen³²⁸, M. Skrzypek¹¹², P. Slavich¹⁴⁰^,141^,142, V. Slokenbergs³⁴, V. Smaluk⁶, J. Smiesko¹^,397, S. S. Snyder⁶, E. Solano¹⁷⁴, P. Sollander¹, O. V. Solovyanov¹^,10^,157, M. Son³⁹⁸, F. Sonnemann¹, R. Soos¹^,10^,21, F. Sopkova¹⁹², T. Sorais³⁹⁹, M. Sorbi⁵⁴^,55, S. Sorti⁵⁴^,55, R. Soualah⁴⁰⁰, M. Souayah¹, L. Spallino¹⁵, S. Spanier⁴⁰¹, P. Spiller²⁵⁹, M. Spira², D. Stagnara¹⁰⁷, M. Stallmann¹⁹⁰, D. Standen¹, J. L. Stanyard¹, B. Stapf¹, G. H. Stark²³¹, M. Statera⁵⁴, C. Staudinger¹^,206, B. A. Stefanek³¹⁹, G. Streicher⁴⁰², N. P. Strohmaier², R. Stroynowski¹¹¹, S. Stucci⁶, G. Stupakov⁷, S. Su³⁶¹, A. Sublet¹, K. Sugita²⁵⁹, M. K. Sullivan⁷, S. Sultansoy³⁵, D. Sutherland¹⁸², I. Syratchev¹, R. Szafron⁶, A. Sznajder⁴⁰³, W. Tachon⁴⁰⁴, N. D. Tagdulang⁴⁸^,174^,337, N. A. Tahir²⁵⁹, Y. Takahashi¹²⁷, J. Tamazirt¹⁰^,21^,22, S. Tang⁶, Y. Tanimoto²¹³, I. Tapan²⁷⁵, G. F. Tassielli²³^,405, A. M. Teixeira¹⁰^,157^,158, V. I. Telnov¹²³, H. H. J. Ten Kate¹^,406, V. Teotia⁶, J. ter Hoeve²⁹⁹, A. Thabuis¹, G. T. Telles³⁰, A. Tishelman-Charny⁶, S. Tissandier¹¹³, S. Tizchang²⁵^,407, J.-P. Tock¹, B. Todd¹, L. Toffolin¹^,170^,408, A. Tolosa-Delgado¹, R. Tomás García¹, T. Tomasini⁴⁰⁹, G. Tonelli²⁰^,85, T. Tong⁴¹⁰, F. Toral³⁸, T. Torims¹^,363, L. Torino¹⁷⁴, K. Torokhtii⁴⁰, R. Torre¹⁴³, E. Torrence⁴¹¹, R. Torres⁶²^,188, T. Mitsuhashi²¹³, A. Tracogna¹⁵², O. Traver¹⁷⁴, D. Treille¹, A. Tricoli⁶, P. Trubacova¹, E. Tsesmelis¹, G. Tsipolitis²⁶⁹, V. Tsulaia¹⁴⁴, B. Tuchming³, C. G. Tully¹⁶⁶, I. Turk Cakir⁶⁷, C. Turrioni⁷², J. Tynan¹¹⁰, F. P. Ucci¹³¹^,351, S. Udongwo⁴¹², C. S. Ün²⁷⁵, A. Unnervik¹, A. Upegui¹⁰⁵^,106, J. P. Uribe-Ramírez²⁰⁵, J. Uythoven¹, R. Vaglio⁴⁷^,99, F. Valchkova-Georgieva⁴¹³, P. Valente¹⁷³, R. U. Valente¹⁷³, A.-M. Valente-Feliciano³⁷⁰, G. Valentino¹^,194, C. A. Valerio-Lizarraga²⁰⁵^,324, S. Valette¹, J. W. F. Valle³¹⁹, L. Valle¹, N. Valle¹³¹, N. Vallis¹^,2^,119, G. Vallone¹⁴⁴, P. van Gemmeren¹⁶¹, W. Van Goethem¹, P. van Hees⁶⁸, U. van Rienen⁴¹², L. van Riesen-Haupt¹^,119, P. Van Trappen¹, M. Vande Voorde⁴¹⁴^,415, A. L. Vanel¹, E. W. Varnes³⁶¹, J.-L. Vay¹⁴⁴, F. Veit²⁸⁶, I. Veliscek⁶, R. Veness¹, A. Ventura¹⁶²^,232, S. Verdú-Andrés⁶, M. Verducci²⁰^,85, C. B. Verhaaren⁴¹⁶, C. Vernieri⁷, A. P. Verweij¹, J.-F. Vian⁴¹⁷, A. Vicini⁵⁴^,55, N. Vignaroli¹⁶²^,232, S. Vignetti¹⁵², M. C. Villeneuve²²⁰, I. Vivarelli³⁶^,37, E. Voevodina¹^,135, D. M. Vogt⁴¹⁸, B. Voirin⁴¹⁹, S. Voiriot¹¹⁰, J. Voiron¹⁴⁷, P. Vojtyla¹, V. Völkl¹, L. von Freeden¹, Z. Vostrel¹^,420, N. Voumard¹, E. Vryonidou⁶¹, V. Vysotsky¹²³, R. Wallny¹⁵³, L.-T. Wang⁴²¹, Y. Wang¹⁰^,21^,22, R. Wanzenberg⁴, B. F. L. Ward⁴²², N. Wardle¹⁸⁵, Z. Wa̧s¹¹², L. Watrelot¹, A. T. Watson⁴²³, M. F. Watson⁴²³, M. S. Weber⁹⁷, C. P. Welsch⁶²^,188, M. Wendt¹^,6, J. Wenninger¹, B. Weyer¹, G. White⁴²⁴, S. White³⁰⁷, B. Wicki¹, M. Widorski¹, U. A. Wiedemann¹, A. R. Wiederhold⁶¹, A. Wiedl¹⁹, H.-U. Wienands¹⁶¹, A. Wieser¹⁵³, C. Wiesner¹, H. Wilkens¹, D. Willi⁴²⁵, P. H. Williams⁶²^,426, S. L. Williams⁴³, A. Winter⁴²³, R. B. Wittwer⁸¹, D. Wollmann¹, Y. Wu¹¹⁹, Z. Wu¹⁰^,27^,28, J. Xiao¹⁰^,65^,66, K. Xie³⁸⁷, S. Xie⁴⁸^,334, M. Yalvac³³, F. Yaman⁴²⁶^,427, W.-M. Yao¹⁴⁴, M. Yeresko¹⁰^,157^,158, A. Yilmaz¹⁹⁶, H. D. Yoo²⁷⁶, T. You²¹¹, F. Yu²⁵²^,386, S. S. Yu⁸⁷, T.-T. Yu⁴¹¹, S. Yue¹, A. Zaborowska¹, M. Zahnd¹¹⁰, C. Zamantzas¹, G. Zanderighi⁷⁴^,135, C. Zannini¹, R. Zanzottera⁵⁴^,55, P. Zaro¹⁰⁷, R. Zennaro², M. Zerlauth¹, H. Zhang²⁰⁴, J. Zhang¹⁶¹, Y. Zhang²⁰⁴, Z. Zhang¹⁰^,21^,204, Y. Zhao¹, Y.-M. Zhong⁴²⁸, B. Zhou³⁰⁴, D. Zhou²¹³, J. Zhu³⁰⁴, G. Zick³⁷³, M. A. Zielinski¹, E. Zimmermann¹¹⁰, A. Zingaretti⁹^,167, J. Zinn-Justin³, A. V. Zlobin⁴⁸, M. Zobov¹⁵, F. Zomer¹⁰^,21^,22, S. Zorzetti⁴⁸, X. Zuo¹⁹, J. Zurita³¹⁹, V. V. Zutshi³⁹³, M. Zykova² and FCC Collaboration¹^a

¹ CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
² PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
³ CEA/Irfu, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l’Univers, Saclay, France
⁴ DESY, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
⁵ Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
⁶ BNL, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
⁷ SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
⁸ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
¹⁰ CNRS/IN2P3, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Paris, France
¹¹ APC, Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France
¹² Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
¹³ LPNHE, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies, Paris, France
¹⁴ UNIGE, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁵ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
¹⁶ NBI, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁷ Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
¹⁸ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
¹⁹ KIT, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
²⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
²¹ IJCLab, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot Curie, Orsay, France
²² Université Paris-Saclay et Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
²³ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
²⁴ Università di Bari, Bari, Italy
²⁵ IPM, Institute for Research in Fundamental Science, Tehran, Iran
²⁶ Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
²⁷ LAPP, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Annecy, France
²⁸ Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy, France
²⁹ University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
³⁰ ICMAB/CISC, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
³¹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
³² Università Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
³³ Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi, Yozgat, Türkiye
³⁴ Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
³⁵ TOBB ETU, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye
³⁶ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
³⁷ Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
³⁸ CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid, Spain
³⁹ KACST, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
⁴⁰ Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
⁴¹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
⁴² Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
⁴³ University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
⁴⁴ İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
⁴⁵ Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye
⁴⁶ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy
⁴⁷ Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
⁴⁸ FNAL, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA
⁴⁹ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
⁵⁰ FUM, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
⁵¹ University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
⁵² IPHC, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
⁵³ Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
⁵⁴ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
⁵⁵ Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
⁵⁶ PIBG, Pôle Invertébrés du Basin Genevois, Geneva, Switzerland
⁵⁷ UFRN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
⁵⁸ UNIBAS, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
⁵⁹ Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁶⁰ LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
⁶¹ University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
⁶² CI, Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, UK
⁶³ Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
⁶⁴ A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory, Yerevan, Armenia
⁶⁵ IP2I, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lyon, France
⁶⁶ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
⁶⁷ Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye
⁶⁸ Lund University, Lund, Sweden
⁶⁹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
⁷⁰ New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
⁷¹ Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
⁷² INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
⁷³ Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
⁷⁴ Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
⁷⁵ Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Hatay, Türkiye
⁷⁶ Doğuş Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
⁷⁷ Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
⁷⁸ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
⁷⁹ RAL, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, UK
⁸⁰ IMSc, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, Chennai, India
⁸¹ Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
⁸² University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
⁸³ CPPM, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Marseille, France
⁸⁴ Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
⁸⁵ Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
⁸⁶ HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
⁸⁷ Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
⁸⁸ Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
⁸⁹ LLR, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Palaiseau, France
⁹⁰ École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
⁹¹ TRIUMF, Canada’s National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
⁹² Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
⁹³ FEEM, Fondazione Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy
⁹⁴ BRGM, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
⁹⁵ Işık Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
⁹⁶ İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
⁹⁷ UNIBE, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
⁹⁸ Università di Roma la Sapienza, Rome, Italy
⁹⁹ CNR-SPIN, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genoa, Italy
¹⁰⁰ Expert naturaliste et entomologiste, Rumilly, France
¹⁰¹ ORNL, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
¹⁰² HEPHY, Institut für Hochenergiephysik, Vienna, Austria
¹⁰³ Geos, Bureau d’ingénieurs conseils en géotechnique, génie civil, hydraulique et environnement, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁰⁴ TUWIEN, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
¹⁰⁵ HEPIA, Haute École du Paysage, d’Ingénierie et d’Architecture de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁰⁶ HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁰⁷ SETEC ALS, Société d’ingénierie conseil en infrastructures de transport, génie civil et environnement, Lyon, France
¹⁰⁸ East Texas A&M University, Commerce, TX, USA
¹⁰⁹ Amberg Engineering Ltd, Regensdorf-Watt, Switzerland
¹¹⁰ ECOTEC Environnement SA, Bureau d’études et de conseil en environnement, Geneva, Switzerland
¹¹¹ Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
¹¹² IFJ PAN, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
¹¹³ Cerema, établissement public pour l’élaboration, le déploiement et l’évaluation de politiques publiques d’aménagement et de transport, Lyon, France
¹¹⁴ Rendel Ltd, Engineering Design Consultancy Firm, London, UK
¹¹⁵ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
¹¹⁶ İstanbul Beykent Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
¹¹⁷ University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
¹¹⁸ Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
¹¹⁹ EPFL, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
¹²⁰ Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
¹²¹ VUB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
¹²² Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy
¹²³ Affiliated with an Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
¹²⁴ University of Saskatchewan and the Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Canada
¹²⁵ University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
¹²⁶ Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
¹²⁷ University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
¹²⁸ York University, Toronto, Canada
¹²⁹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
¹³⁰ Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
¹³¹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
¹³² Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
¹³³ CFTP-IST, Centro de Física Téorica de Partículas, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
¹³⁴ Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
¹³⁵ MPP, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Garching, Garching, Germany
¹³⁶ NSC KIPT, National Science Center Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkiv, Ukraine
¹³⁷ Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Como, Italy
¹³⁸ Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
¹³⁹ JAI, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
¹⁴⁰ CNRS/INP, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Physique, Paris, France
¹⁴¹ LPTHE, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, Paris, France
¹⁴² Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
¹⁴³ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy
¹⁴⁴ LBNL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
¹⁴⁵ IIT, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
¹⁴⁶ Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Gümüşhane, Türkiye
¹⁴⁷ WSP Ingénieurs Conseils SA, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁴⁸ UADY, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
¹⁴⁹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
¹⁵⁰ Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
¹⁵¹ MARCELEON, Cabinet d’ingénierie juridique et foncière, Chambéry, France
¹⁵² CSIL (Economic Research Institute), Milan, Italy
¹⁵³ ETHZ, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁵⁴ UAH, Universidad de Alcalá Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
¹⁵⁵ CIA, Conseil Ingénierie Acoustique, Lyon, France
¹⁵⁶ Evinerude, Bureau d’études environnementales, Lyon, France
¹⁵⁷ LPCA, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹⁵⁸ Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹⁵⁹ ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Australia
¹⁶⁰ Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, Kolkata, India
¹⁶¹ ANL, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
¹⁶² INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
¹⁶³ Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
¹⁶⁴ Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
¹⁶⁵ Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
¹⁶⁶ Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
¹⁶⁷ Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
¹⁶⁸ IUE, İzmir Ekonomi Üniversitesi, Izmir, Türkiye
¹⁶⁹ Ege Üniversitesi, Izmir, Türkiye
¹⁷⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Udine, Italy
¹⁷¹ Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
¹⁷² University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
¹⁷³ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
¹⁷⁴ CELLS/ALBA, Consortium for the Construction, Equipment and Exploitation of the Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
¹⁷⁵ LPSC, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Grenoble, France
¹⁷⁶ Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
¹⁷⁷ Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
¹⁷⁸ National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, USA
¹⁷⁹ Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
¹⁸⁰ University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
¹⁸¹ IGFAE, Instituto Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxías, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁸² University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
¹⁸³ LSE, London School of Economics, London, UK
¹⁸⁴ Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁸⁵ Imperial College London, London, UK
¹⁸⁶ MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
¹⁸⁷ CETU, Centre d’Etude des Tunnels, Lyon, France
¹⁸⁸ University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
¹⁸⁹ Linde Kryotechnik AG, Pfungen, Switzerland
¹⁹⁰ ILF Consulting Engineers, Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁹¹ Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
¹⁹² CUNI, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
¹⁹³ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Florence, Italy
¹⁹⁴ University of Malta, Msida, Malta
¹⁹⁵ BU, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
¹⁹⁶ IBU, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu, Türkiye
¹⁹⁷ Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
¹⁹⁸ University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
¹⁹⁹ HIP, Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²⁰⁰ ULB, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
²⁰¹ IMA, Institut für Maschinenelemente, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
²⁰² CP3, Centre de Cosmologie, de Physique des Particules et de Phénoménologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
²⁰³ NIKHEF, Nationaal Instituut Voor Subatomaire Fysica, Amsterdam, Netherlands
²⁰⁴ IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
²⁰⁵ UAS, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
²⁰⁶ BOKU, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
²⁰⁷ University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
²⁰⁸ Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
²⁰⁹ University of Delhi, Delhi, India
²¹⁰ Ginger BURGEAP, bureau d’études en environnement, Lyon, France
²¹¹ King’s College London, London, UK
²¹² University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
²¹³ KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
²¹⁴ Geoenergy, Reservoir Geology and Basin Analysis Group, Geneva, Switzerland
²¹⁵ SETEC International, Société d’ingénierie en charge des transports et des infrastructures, Lyon, France
²¹⁶ KKU, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
²¹⁷ SETEC LERM, Société d’ingénierie conseil en matériaux de construction, Lyon, France
²¹⁸ BUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
²¹⁹ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
²²⁰ MUL, Montanuniversität Leoben, Lehrstuhl für Subsurface Engineering, Geotechnik und Unterirdisches Bauen, Leoben, Austria
²²¹ MUL-ZaB, Underground Research Center, Zentrum am Berg, Leoben, Austria
²²² IFAE, Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Barcelona, Spain
²²³ FHNW, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland
²²⁴ UPES, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
²²⁵ GANIL, Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds, Caen, France
²²⁶ Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France
²²⁷ UFRGS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
²²⁸ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
²²⁹ Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
²³⁰ UFPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
²³¹ University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
²³² Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
²³³ Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
²³⁴ University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
²³⁵ Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
²³⁶ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
²³⁷ Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
²³⁸ LAPTh, Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
²³⁹ Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
²⁴⁰ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye
²⁴¹ UNACH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
²⁴² MCTP, Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
²⁴³ UAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
²⁴⁴ University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
²⁴⁵ Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
²⁴⁶ Overleaf, London, UK
²⁴⁷ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
²⁴⁸ Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
²⁴⁹ FIT, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
²⁵⁰ Shirokuma GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
²⁵¹ National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
²⁵² Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
²⁵³ PAEC, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
²⁵⁴ Mathabhanga College, Mathabhanga, India
²⁵⁵ Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Prayagraj, India
²⁵⁶ MPIK, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
²⁵⁷ European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
²⁵⁸ Centre de calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, France
²⁵⁹ GSI, Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
²⁶⁰ IBS, Institute for Basic Science, Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
²⁶¹ University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
²⁶² University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
²⁶³ Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
²⁶⁴ Microhumus, Bureau d’étude et d’ingénierie spécialisé dans la gestion des sols dégradés, Nancy, France
²⁶⁵ Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
²⁶⁶ Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Niğde, Türkiye
²⁶⁷ Giresun Üniversitesi, Giresun, Türkiye
²⁶⁸ University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
²⁶⁹ NTUA, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
²⁷⁰ Transmutex SA, Geneva, Switzerland
²⁷¹ DIAS, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Theoretical Physics, Dublin, Ireland
²⁷² AGH, University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
²⁷³ University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Iran
²⁷⁴ IPPP, Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University, Durham, UK
²⁷⁵ Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, Türkiye
²⁷⁶ YU, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁷⁷ Affiliated with an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
²⁷⁸ CPT, Centre de Physique Théorique, Marseille, France
²⁷⁹ Aix-Marseille Université et Université du Sud Toulon Var, Marseille, France
²⁸⁰ KIAS, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁸¹ Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
²⁸² FEAC Engineering P.C., Patras, Greece
²⁸³ UPATRAS, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
²⁸⁴ University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
²⁸⁵ AUTH, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
²⁸⁶ IML, Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik, Dortmund, Germany
²⁸⁷ RWTH Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
²⁸⁸ ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
²⁸⁹ Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
²⁹⁰ University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
²⁹¹ Fachhochschule Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
²⁹² University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
²⁹³ Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
²⁹⁴ ESI, European Scientific Institute, Archamps, France
²⁹⁵ UOS, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁹⁶ KNU Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
²⁹⁷ KU, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁹⁸ Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
²⁹⁹ University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
³⁰⁰ BG Ingénieurs Conseils, Lausanne, Switzerland
³⁰¹ T.-D. Lee Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
³⁰² Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
³⁰³ CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
³⁰⁴ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
³⁰⁵ University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
³⁰⁶ University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
³⁰⁷ ESRF, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
³⁰⁸ SUSSEX, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
³⁰⁹ Università di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
³¹⁰ University of Bath, Bath, UK
³¹¹ Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
³¹² Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
³¹³ Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
³¹⁴ Center for High Energy Physics, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
³¹⁵ Center of theoretical physics, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
³¹⁶ Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
³¹⁷ Sorbonne Université et Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
³¹⁸ Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
³¹⁹ IFIC-CSIC/UV, Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
³²⁰ Service de géologie, sols et déchets du canton de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
³²¹ NICPB, National Institute for Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
³²² UT, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
³²³ Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
³²⁴ UGTO, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
³²⁵ Edaphos Engineering, Geneva, Switzerland
³²⁶ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
³²⁷ Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, Mumbai, India
³²⁸ Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
³²⁹ CNR-IOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, Italy
³³⁰ JKU, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Austria
³³¹ University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
³³² Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
³³³ Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Trento, Italy
³³⁴ Caltech, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
³³⁵ Università dalla Calabria, Rende, Italy
³³⁶ IFT, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
³³⁷ UPC, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
³³⁸ Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
³³⁹ Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Porto, Portugal
³⁴⁰ LaPMET, Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Porto, Portugal
³⁴¹ University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
³⁴² SAPHIR, Instituto Milenio de Física Subatómica en la Frontera de Altas Energías, Santiago, Chile
³⁴³ Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
³⁴⁴ IIP, International Institute of Physics, Natal, Brazil
³⁴⁵ Tokyo International University, Tokyo, Japan
³⁴⁶ İzmir Bakırçay Üniversitesi, Izmir, Türkiye
³⁴⁷ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
³⁴⁸ Universitá degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
³⁴⁹ Vinc̆a Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
³⁵⁰ Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
³⁵¹ Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
³⁵² Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
³⁵³ DOE, Department of Energy of the United States of America, Washington, DC, USA
³⁵⁴ IPSA, Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
³⁵⁵ Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
³⁵⁶ UJ, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
³⁵⁷ Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
³⁵⁸ Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
³⁵⁹ HFFH, Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen für FAIR, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
³⁶⁰ INCDTIM, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
³⁶¹ University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
³⁶² Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
³⁶³ RTU, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
³⁶⁴ Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
³⁶⁵ University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
³⁶⁶ Cosmos Open University, Nicosia, Cyprus
³⁶⁷ CBPF, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
³⁶⁸ Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
³⁶⁹ CMU, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
³⁷⁰ JLAB, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
³⁷¹ ESPOL, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
³⁷² IRB, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
³⁷³ Air Liquide Advanced Technologies, Grenoble, France
³⁷⁴ VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
³⁷⁵ INGÉROP, Groupe d’ingénierie et de conseil en mobilité durable, transition énergétique et cadre de vie, Lyon, France
³⁷⁶ Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
³⁷⁷ IFCA, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
³⁷⁸ Institut für Beschleunigerphysik und Technologie, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
³⁷⁹ Uşak Üniversitesi, Uşak, Türkiye
³⁸⁰ ICEPP, International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
³⁸¹ Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
³⁸² All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
³⁸³ Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya, Türkiye
³⁸⁴ Latitude Durable SARL, Geneva, Switzerland
³⁸⁵ USAL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
³⁸⁶ PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence, Mainz, Germany
³⁸⁷ Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
³⁸⁸ Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
³⁸⁹ scMetrology SARL, Lausanne, Switzerland
³⁹⁰ IST, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
³⁹¹ CeFEMA, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Lisbon, Portugal
³⁹² Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
³⁹³ NIU, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
³⁹⁴ Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
³⁹⁵ Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
³⁹⁶ Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
³⁹⁷ Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
³⁹⁸ KAIST, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
³⁹⁹ Amberg Engineering Chambéry, Chambéry, France
⁴⁰⁰ Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
⁴⁰¹ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
⁴⁰² WIFO, Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Vienna, Austria
⁴⁰³ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
⁴⁰⁴ Mélica, NATURA SCOP, Études et expertises environnementales, Aubenas, France
⁴⁰⁵ Università LUM, Casamassima, Casamassima, Italy
⁴⁰⁶ University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
⁴⁰⁷ Arak University, Arak, Iran
⁴⁰⁸ Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁴⁰⁹ ForestAllia, Cabinet de gestion et d’expertise forestières, Besançon, France
⁴¹⁰ Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
⁴¹¹ University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
⁴¹² Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
⁴¹³ CEGELEC SA, Geneva, Switzerland
⁴¹⁴ KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
⁴¹⁵ OKC, Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Stockholm, Sweden
⁴¹⁶ Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
⁴¹⁷ Expert foncier et agricole, Chadrat, France
⁴¹⁸ ITSM, Institut für Thermische Strömungsmaschinen und Maschinenlaboratorium, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
⁴¹⁹ École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
⁴²⁰ CTU, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
⁴²¹ University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
⁴²² Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
⁴²³ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
⁴²⁴ University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
⁴²⁵ Swisstopo, Federal Office of Topography, Wabern, Switzerland
⁴²⁶ Daresbury Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury, UK
⁴²⁷ IZTECH, İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Izmir, Türkiye
⁴²⁸ City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
Published online: 24 December 2025

Abstract

Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools/reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. The content and structure of this report are guided by the scope and priorities defined in the mandate of the FCC Feasibility Study. It is therefore not intended to serve as an exhaustive review of the full physics potential of FCC. Several topics, already covered in earlier reports such as the FCC CDR, are not reiterated here or are addressed only briefly, in alignment with the study’s focus. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.

Study Leader: M. Benedikt

Deputy Study Leader: F. Zimmermann

Editors: B. Auchmann, W. Bartmann, J. P. Burnet, C. Carli, A. Chancé, P. Craievich, M. Giovannozzi, C. Grojean, J. Gutleber, K. Hanke, A. Henriques, P. Janot, C. Lourenço, M. Mangano, T. Otto, J. Poole, S. Rajagopalan, T. Raubenheimer, E. Todesco, L. Ulrici, T. Watson, G. Wilkinson

Volume 1 Chapter Coordinators: P. Azzi, G. Bernardi, A. Blondel, M. Boscolo, D. d’Enterria, M. Dam, J. de Blas, B. Francois, A. Freitas, G. Ganis, J. Keintzel, M. Klute, M. McCullough, P. F. Monni, F. Palla, E. Perez, M.-A. Pleier, W. Riegler, F. Sefkow, M. Selvaggi.

Deceased: S. Beuvier, M. Klein.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Funded by SCOAP³.

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