https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-15000-4
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Gravitational wave radiation from periodic orbits and quasi-periodic oscillations in an Einstein nonlinear Maxwell–Yukawa black hole
1
School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
Research Center of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, 1096, Baku, Azerbaijan
4
National University of Uzbekistan, 100174, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
5
Urgench State University, Kh. Alimdjan Str. 14, 220100, Urgench, Uzbekistan
6
Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, National Research University TIIAME, Kori Niyoziy 39, 100000, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
7
University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Str. Gavhar 1, 100149, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
8
Tashkent State Technical University, 100095, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Received:
18
July
2025
Accepted:
26
October
2025
Published online:
21
November
2025
In this article, we investigate the orbital dynamics and quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) surrounding a static, spherically symmetric geometry of an Einstein–nonlinear Maxwell–-Yukawa (ENLMY) black hole (BH). Using the Hamiltonian formalism, we derive equations of motion and analyze the effective potential. We determine the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) and innermost bound circular orbit (IBCO) radii for different values of the Yukawa parameters 
and 
, and classify periodic orbits via rational frequency analysis, highlighting deviations from Schwarzschild geometry. We also study gravitational wave (GW) emission from periodic orbits and show how Yukawa terms affect GW signals. Fundamental frequencies are computed, and QPOs are analyzed using relativistic precession, warped disk, and tidal disruption models. By increasing , the ENLMY spacetime effectively mimics the behavior of a Schwarzschild spacetime. Constraints on the BH mass and Yukawa parameters are derived using QPO data from stellar-mass (XTE J1550-564, GRO J1655-40, GRS 1915+105), intermediate-mass (M82 X-1), and supermassive (SgrA*) BHs within the relativistic precession model by employing a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis.
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Funded by SCOAP3.
