https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14971-8
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Modified cosmology through spacetime thermodynamics and generalized mass-to-horizon entropy
1
National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, 11852, Athens, Greece
2
Academy of Athens, Research Center for Astronomy and Applied Mathematics, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
3
School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Diogenes Street, Engomi, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
4
Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
5
Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 157 73, Athens, Greece
6
Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
7
Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Casilla 1280, Antofagasta, Chile
Received:
2
June
2025
Accepted:
18
October
2025
Published online:
3
November
2025
In this work we apply the gravity-thermodynamics approach for the case of generalized mass-to-horizon entropy, which is a two-parameter extension of Bekenstein–Hawking entropy that arises from the extended mass-to-horizon relation, that is in turn required in order to have consistency with the Clausius relation. We extract the modified Friedmann equations and we obtain an effective dark energy sector arising from the novel terms. We derive analytical solutions for the dark energy density parameter, the dark energy equation-of-state parameter, and the deceleration parameter, and we show that the Universe exhibits the usual thermal history with the succession of matter and dark energy epochs. Additionally, depending on the value of the entropy parameters, the dark energy equation-of-state parameter can either lie in the phantom regime at high redshifts entering into the quintessence regime at small redshifts, or it can lie in the quintessence regime at high redshifts and experience the phantom-divide crossing at small redshifts, while in the far future in all cases it asymptotically obtains the cosmological constant value 
. Finally, we perform observational confrontation with Supernova Type Ia (SNIa), Cosmic Chronometers (CC) and Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) datasets, showing that the scenario is in agreement with observations.
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Funded by SCOAP3.
