https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14912-5
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Probing the Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a dark matter halo through astrophysical tests
1
Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, National Research University TIIAME, Kori Niyoziy 39, 100000, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
2
Tashkent State Technical University, 100095, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
3
Institute for Theoretical Physics & Cosmology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023, Hangzhou, China
4
University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Str. Gavhar 1, 100149, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
5
Western Caspian University, AZ1001, Baku, Azerbaijan
6
United Center for Gravitational Wave Physics (UCGWP), Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023, Hangzhou, China
Received:
21
July
2025
Accepted:
3
October
2025
Published online:
23
October
2025
We investigate a recently derived Schwarzschild-like black hole immersed in a Dehnen-type 
dark matter (DM) halo. We obtain constraints on the two model parameters, i.e., the halo core radius 
and the DM density parameter 
in both the weak and the strong field regimes. In the weak field, we model test particle geodesics and match the predicted perihelion shift to Mercury (Solar System) and the orbit of the S2 star data. We obtain upper limits on and and highlight that the DM halo effects become observable only around supermassive BHs. In the strong field, we analyse twin high frequency quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs) from four microquasars (e.g., GRO J1655-40, GRS 1915+105, XTE J1859+226, and XTE J1550-564). Because QPO frequencies depend only on the local spacetime curvature, they can serve as a probe of halo-induced deviations from general relativity. Our MCMC analysis produces posterior distributions for model parameters, revealing close agreement between the theoretical QPO frequencies and the observations for GRS 1915+105 and GRO J1655-40. The same analysis also yielded best-fit values and upper bounds for each parameter. Our combined geodesic and QPO analysis demonstrates that timelike orbits and epicyclic oscillations can act as sensitive probes of DM halos around BHs, offering a pathway to distinguish Dehnen-type profiles from alternative DM distributions in future analysis and observations.
© The Author(s) 2025
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Funded by SCOAP3.
