https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14855-x
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Tri-hypercharge versus tri-darkcharge
1
Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study, Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, 12116, Hanoi, Vietnam
2
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile
3
Centro Científico-Tecnológico de Valparaíso, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile
4
Millennium Institute for Subatomic Physics at High Energy Frontier-SAPHIR, Fernandez Concha 700, Santiago, Chile
5
Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
6
Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10 Dao Tan, Ba Dinh, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
a
loi.duongvan@phenikaa-uni.edu.vn
Received:
17
June
2025
Accepted:
21
September
2025
Published online:
17
October
2025
We propose a minimal, ultraviolet-complete, and renormalizable extension of the Standard Model, in which the three generations of ordinary fermions are distinguished by family-dependent hypercharges, while three right-handed neutrinos are separated by a dark gauge symmetry that is trivial for all Standard Model fields. This setup yields a fully flipped inert doublet model. The model naturally realizes a hybrid scotoseesaw mechanism that accounts for the smallness of neutrino masses and the largeness of lepton mixing. Simultaneously, it explains the stability and relic abundance of dark matter through a residual dark parity and addresses the hierarchies of charged fermion masses and the suppression of quark mixing via higher-dimensional operators involving high-scale scalar singlets and vector-like fermions. We explore the phenomenological implications of the model and derive constraints from electroweak precision tests, collider searches, flavor-changing processes, and observations of dark matter.
© The Author(s) 2025
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