https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14662-4
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Probing Kaluza–Klein black holes with massive vector fields via thermodynamics, shadows, and accretion disks
1
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, 45142, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Research Center of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, 1096, Baku, Azerbaijan
3
Department of Natural Sciences and Humanities, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
4
Kimyo International University in Tashkent, Shota Rustaveli str. 156, 100121, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
5
University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Str. Gavhar 1, 100149, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
6
Tashkent State Technical University, 100095, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
7
Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
a shahidpeak00735@gmail.com, drshahid.ch@uet.edu.pk
Received:
8
June
2025
Accepted:
21
August
2025
Published online:
2
September
2025
In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamical and optical characteristics of a black hole surrounded by massive spin-1 vector fields in the framework of Kaluza–Klein gravity. Motivated by the natural emergence of massive vector fields through the dimensional reduction of higher-dimensional gravity, we explore their role in modifying the near-horizon physics and observable signatures of black holes. These vector fields, akin to dark photons, introduce Yukawa-like corrections to the gravitational potential and mimic dark matter effects without invoking exotic particles. Our thermodynamic analysis, extended via logarithmic-corrected Barrow entropy, reveals that these fields significantly alter black hole temperature, specific heat, and Gibbs free energy. Notably, phase transitions are identified and confirmed using thermodynamic geometry tools, including Quevedo and HPEM metrics, highlighting the presence of stable remnants under quantum gravity corrections. Furthermore, we examine accretion disk structures and black hole shadow images through ray-tracing techniques under both static and infalling spherical accretion models. The direct and secondary images of the disk, as well as photon ring features, exhibit distinct deformations based on 
and 
. These modifications affect observable properties such as shadow size, intensity profiles, and lensing behavior, suggesting potential avenues for empirical testing via black hole imaging. Our findings underscore the rich phenomenology induced by massive vector fields in KK gravity, providing a unified perspective on black hole thermodynamics, dynamical stability, and observational signatures.
© The Author(s) 2025
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Funded by SCOAP3.
