Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85: 737
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14352-1

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

CUPID, the Cuore upgrade with particle identification

¹ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
² University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
³ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, Berkeley, USA
⁴ CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I-Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
⁵ University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
⁶ INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
⁷ National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Kurchatov Complex of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
⁸ INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
¹⁰ INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
¹¹ IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
¹² INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
¹³ Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
¹⁴ Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
¹⁵ INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ), Italy
¹⁶ INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
¹⁷ CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
¹⁸ CNR-Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Bologna, Italy
¹⁹ INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
²⁰ University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
²¹ University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
²² INFN Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy
²³ University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
²⁴ Fudan University, Shanghai, China
²⁵ Rome Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
²⁶ INFN sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
²⁷ Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
²⁸ Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
²⁹ CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, Rome, Italy
³⁰ Institute for Nuclear Research of NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
³¹ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
³² Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
³³ California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
³⁴ Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
³⁵ Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
³⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
³⁷ Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
³⁸ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
³⁹ Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
⁴⁰ Centro de Astropartículas y Física de Altas Energías, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
⁴¹ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
⁴² Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
⁴³ INFN Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
⁴⁴ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP, Grenoble, France
⁴⁵ University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁴⁶ IP2I-Lyon, Univ Lyon, France
⁴⁷ Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
⁴⁸ University College London, London, UK
⁴⁹ Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
⁵⁰ Brazil and Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich, Germany
⁵¹ Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy

^a cupid.publications@lngs.infn.it

Received: 5 March 2025
Accepted: 22 May 2025
Published online: 3 July 2025

Abstract

CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle Identification, is a next-generation experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu \beta \beta$) and other rare events using enriched Li$_2^{}$$_{}^{100}$MoO$_4^{}$ scintillating bolometers. It will be hosted by the CUORE cryostat located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The main physics goal of CUPID is to search for $0\nu \beta \beta$ of $_{}^{100}$Mo with a discovery sensitivity covering the full neutrino mass regime in the inverted ordering scenario, as well as the portion of the normal ordering regime with lightest neutrino mass larger than 10 meV. With a conservative background index of 10$_{}^{-4}$ cts$/($keV$·$kg$·$yr$)$, 240 kg isotope mass, 5 keV FWHM energy resolution at 3 MeV and 10 live-years of data taking, CUPID will have a 90% C.L. half-life exclusion sensitivity of $1.8·{10}^{27}$ yr, corresponding to an effective Majorana neutrino mass ($m_{\beta \beta }$) sensitivity of 9–15 meV, and a $3\sigma$ discovery sensitivity of $1·{10}^{27}$ yr, corresponding to an $m_{\beta \beta }$ range of 12–21 meV.