https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14097-x
Regular Article - Computing, Software and Data Science
Reweighting simulated events using machine-learning techniques in the CMS experiment
1
Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
2
Institut für Hochenergiephysik, Vienna, Austria
3
Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
4
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
7
Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
9
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
10
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
11
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
12
University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
13
Instituto De Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7 D, Arica, Chile
14
Beihang University, Beijing, China
15
Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
16
Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
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State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
22
Institute of Modern Physics and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
23
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
24
Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
26
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
27
Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
28
Institute Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb, Croatia
29
University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
30
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
31
Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
32
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
33
Academy of Scientific Research and Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics, Cairo, Egypt
34
Center for High Energy Physics (CHEP-FU), Fayoum University, El-Fayoum, Egypt
35
National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
36
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
37
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
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Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
39
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
40
Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
41
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
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Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules, CNRS/IN2P3, Villeurbanne, France
43
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I), Villeurbanne, France
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Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
45
I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
46
III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
49
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
50
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
51
Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPP), NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
52
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
53
National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
54
University of Ioánnina, Ioannina, Greece
55
HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
56
MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
57
Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
58
HUN-REN ATOMKI-Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
59
Karoly Robert Campus, MATE Institute of Technology, Gyongyos, Hungary
60
Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
61
University of Delhi, Delhi, India
62
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India
63
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
64
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-A, Mumbai, India
65
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-B, Mumbai, India
66
National Institute of Science Education and Research, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
67
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
68
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
69
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
70
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
71
INFN Sezione di Bari, Università di Bari, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
72
INFN Sezione di Bologna, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
73
INFN Sezione di Catania, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
74
INFN Sezione di Firenze, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
75
INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
76
INFN Sezione di Genova, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
77
INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
78
INFN Sezione di Napoli, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy; Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy, Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM), Naples, Italy
79
INFN Sezione di Padova, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy
80
INFN Sezione di Pavia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
81
INFN Sezione di Perugia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
82
INFN Sezione di Pisa, Università di Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
83
INFN Sezione di Roma, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
84
INFN Sezione di Torino, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Trieste, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
86
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
87
Department of Mathematics and Physics-GWNU, Gangneung, Korea
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Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea
89
Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
90
Korea University, Seoul, Korea
91
Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
92
Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
93
Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
94
University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
95
Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
96
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
97
College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East (AUM), Dasman, Kuwait
98
Department of Physics, College of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
99
Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
100
University of Latvia (LU), Riga, Latvia
101
Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
102
National Centre for Particle Physics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
103
Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Hermosillo, Mexico
104
Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
105
Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
106
Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
107
University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
108
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
109
National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
110
AGH University of Krakow, Kraków, Poland
111
National Centre for Nuclear Research, Swierk, Poland
112
Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
113
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
114
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
115
Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
116
VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
117
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
118
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
119
Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
120
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
121
University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
122
Department of Physics, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
123
CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
124
PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences, Villigen, Switzerland
125
ETH Zurich-Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics (IPA), Zurich, Switzerland
126
Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
127
National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
128
National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
129
High Energy Physics Research Unit, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
130
Physics Department, Science and Art Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
131
Physics Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
132
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
133
Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
134
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
135
Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
136
Institute for Scintillation Materials of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
137
National Science Centre, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkiv, Ukraine
138
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
139
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
140
Imperial College, London, UK
141
Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
142
Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
143
Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
144
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
145
Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
146
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
147
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
148
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
149
University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
150
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
151
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
152
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
153
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
154
University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
155
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
156
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA
157
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
158
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
159
Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
160
University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
161
The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
162
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
163
The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
164
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
165
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
166
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
167
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
168
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
169
State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
170
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
171
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
172
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
173
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
174
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
175
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, USA
176
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
177
Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, USA
178
Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
179
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
180
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
181
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
182
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
183
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
184
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
185
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
186
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
187
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
188
Authors Affiliated with an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
189
Authors Affiliated with an Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
190
Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
191
TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
192
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
193
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
194
FACAMP-Faculdades de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
195
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
196
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
197
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
198
China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing, China
199
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
200
China Spallation Neutron Source, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
201
Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
202
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
203
The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
204
an Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
205
Zewail City of Science and Technology, Zewail, Egypt
206
British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
207
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
208
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
209
Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
210
Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
211
an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
212
The University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
213
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
214
III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
215
Bergische University Wuppertal (BUW), Wuppertal, Germany
216
Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany
217
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
218
CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
219
HUN-REN ATOMKI-Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
220
Universitatea Babes-Bolyai-Facultatea de Fizica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
221
MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
222
HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
223
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Asyût, Egypt
224
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
225
University of Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
226
Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
227
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
228
IIT Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
229
Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India
230
University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
231
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
232
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
233
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
234
Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Iran
235
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
236
Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
237
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Bologna, Italy
238
Centro Siciliano di Fisica Nucleare e di Struttura Della Materia, Catania, Italy
239
Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
240
Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
241
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA
242
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Perugia, Italy
243
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I), Villeurbanne, France
244
Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
245
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico
246
Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University, Sri Lanka, Nilaveli, Sri Lanka
247
Saegis Campus, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
248
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
249
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
250
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
251
Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
252
Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Vienna, Austria
253
Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, IN2P3-CNRS, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
254
Research Center of Experimental Health Science, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey
255
Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey
256
Izmir Bakircay University, Izmir, Turkey
257
Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
258
Bozok Universitetesi Rektörlügü, Yozgat, Turkey
259
Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
260
Milli Savunma University, Istanbul, Turkey
261
Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
262
Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
263
Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
264
Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
265
Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
266
Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
267
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
268
IPPP Durham University, Durham, UK
269
Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
270
Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
271
Bethel University, St. Paul, MN, USA
272
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
273
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
274
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, USA
275
Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
276
Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
277
Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
278
Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
279
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest, Romania
280
Another Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
281
Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
282
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
283
Another International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
284
Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
285
Another Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
286
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
287
Imperial College, London, UK
288
Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
289
Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
290
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
a
cms-publication-committee-chair@cern.ch
Received:
17
March
2025
Accepted:
18
March
2025
Published online:
6
May
2025
Data analyses in particle physics rely on an accurate simulation of particle collisions and a detailed simulation of detector effects to extract physics knowledge from the recorded data. Event generators together with a geant-based simulation of the detectors are used to produce large samples of simulated events for analysis by the LHC experiments. These simulations come at a high computational cost, where the detector simulation and reconstruction algorithms have the largest CPU demands. This article describes how machine-learning (ML) techniques are used to reweight simulated samples obtained with a given set of parameters to samples with different parameters or samples obtained from entirely different simulation programs. The ML reweighting method avoids the need for simulating the detector response multiple times by incorporating the relevant information in a single sample through event weights. Results are presented for reweighting to model variations and higher-order calculations in simulated top quark pair production at the LHC. This ML-based reweighting is an important element of the future computing model of the CMS experiment and will facilitate precision measurements at the High-Luminosity LHC.
© The Author(s) 2025
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