https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09192-8
Regular Article - Experimental Physics
Measurements of Higgs bosons decaying to bottom quarks from vector boson fusion production with the ATLAS experiment at 
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Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Application and Research Center for Advanced Studies, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
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LAPP, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France
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High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
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Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China
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Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
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Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Bologna and Universita’ di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
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Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
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Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Physics Department, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
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Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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iThemba Labs, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Department of Physics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies-Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
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Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
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Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Marrakech, Morocco
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Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco
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LPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
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Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, USA
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Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
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INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
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Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany
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Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
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Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy
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II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
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Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai, China
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Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China
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Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France
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Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy
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ICTP, Trieste, Italy
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Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
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Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
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Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
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INFN-TIFPA, Trento, Italy
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Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
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Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria
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University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
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Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
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Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan
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Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
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Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA
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Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden
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Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France
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Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
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Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk, Belarus
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Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
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D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), Munich, Germany
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Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
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Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and NSU, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Institute for High Energy Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Protvino, Russia
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Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics named by A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
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Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
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Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, PNPI, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP, Lisbon, Portugal
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Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
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Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
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IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Universidad Andres Bello, Department of Physics, Santiago, Chile
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Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
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Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaiso, Chile
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Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, Brazil
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Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA
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Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, China
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Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
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CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
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Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Department of Physics, California State University, East Bay, Long Beach, USA
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Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, USA
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Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento, USA
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Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, UK
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Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Dipartimento di Matematica, Informatica e Fisica, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
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Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Turkey
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Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
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Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Edmonton, Canada
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Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Instituto de Fisica Teorica, IFT-UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
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Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
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Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
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University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
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CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland
a
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Received:
18
November
2020
Accepted:
28
April
2021
Published online:
23
June
2021
Abstract
The paper presents a measurement of the Standard Model Higgs Boson decaying to b-quark pairs in the vector boson fusion (VBF) production mode. A sample corresponding to 126 
of 
proton–proton collision data, collected with the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, is analyzed utilizing an adversarial neural network for event classification. The signal strength, defined as the ratio of the measured signal yield to that predicted by the Standard Model for VBF Higgs production, is measured to be 
, corresponding to an observed (expected) significance of 2.6 (2.8) standard deviations from the background only hypothesis. The results are additionally combined with an analysis of Higgs bosons decaying to b-quarks, produced via VBF in association with a photon.
© CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration 2021
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